Ap Euro, Chapter 1 Terms

Front 1

Jacquerie

Back 1

-French peasant rebellions
-1358
-Caused by a rise in taxes to cover the costs of the Hundred Years' War

Front 2

English Peasant Rebellions

Back 2

-1381
-Led by John Ball, a secular priest, and Watt Tyler, a journeyman

Front 3

Treaty of Troyes

Back 3

-1420
-Disinherited the legitimate heir to the French throne and proclaimed Henry V the successor to Charles VI
-Both died in 1422, infant Henry VI of England proclaimed in Paris to be king of both France and England

Front 4

Black Death

Back 4

-Appeared in Sicily in 1347
-By early 15th c. western Europe lost a/b 2/5 of population

Front 5

Unum Sanctam

Back 5

-Declaration that papal power trumped secular power
-Desperate act of a besieged papacy
-Boniface VIII- conflict with French king Philip IV

Front 6

Avignon Papacy

Back 6

-1309-1377
-Moved to Avignon for safety
-Ultimately led to Great Schism

Front 7

Lollards

Back 7

-Inspired by writings of John Wycliffe
-Preached in the vernacular, translated Holy Scripture, championed clerical poverty
-Became capital offense in England in 1401

Front 8

Hussites

Back 8

-Influenced by Wycliffe, led by Huss
-Critical of superstitious practices
-Eucharist = ordinance, not sacriment
-Huss burned at stake in 1415

Front 9

Great Schism

Back 9

-1378
-two popes- one Italian, one French
-Pope Gregory XI- returned to Rome
-Ended w/ Council of Constance-1417

Front 10

Humanism

Back 10

-Rhetoric, Latin/Greek classics, ancient Church Fathers,
-studia humanitis- liberal arts program

Front 11

Platonism

Back 11

-Revival of interest in works of Plato
-Greek scholars fleeing fall of Constantinope to Turks- 1453
-Supported by Cosimo de' Medici

Front 12

Mannerism

Back 12

-New style after High Renaissance painting
-Reaction a/g simplicity/symmetry
-Tintoretto, El Greco

Front 13

Estates General

Back 13

-Representative assembly of France
-Did not meet at all from 1484-1580
-Little power compared to monarchy

Front 14

Taille

Back 14

-French direct tax on the peasantry
-Raised- ontributed to Jacquerie

Front 15

Court of Star Chamber

Back 15

-Created by Henry VII
-1487
-Intended to end perversion of English justice by powerful nobles
-Led to more equitable court system

Front 16

Grandi

Back 16

-Rich nobles and merchants who traditionally ruled Florence

Front 17

Popolo grosso

Back 17

-Rich merchant class of Florence
-Began to challenge the old rich in late 13th/early 14th centuries

Front 18

Middle-Burgher ranks

Back 18

-Middle class of Florence
-Took side of new rich

Front 19

Popolo minuto

Back 19

-Florence's "little people"
-lower classes

Front 20

Ciompi Revolt

Back 20

-1378
-Revolt of the poor in Florence
-Led to instability which returned with Cosimo de Medici, 1434

Front 21

Condottiere

Back 21

-Italian military brokers who provided despots w/ mercenary armies

Front 22

Enclosure movement

Back 22

-English process of turning common land into private land
-Forced serfs off of land and encouraged immigration to America

Front 23

Aztecs

Back 23

-1428- began empire in Valley of Mexico
-Fell to Cortes and native allies in 1521
-Harsh to conquered people- Cortes found willing allies

Front 24

Incas

Back 24

-Empire in Peru
-Fell to Pizarro in 1533
-Disease

Front 25

War of the Roses

Back 25

- Between house of York and House of Lancaster
-1455-1485
-Richard IIIusurped throne from his nephew, Henry Tudor, and ruled as Henry VII

Front 26

Reichstag

Back 26

-Imperial diet founded in 15th c.
-Represented imperial free German states

Front 27

Black Legend

Back 27

-Idea that Spanish treatment of Native Americans was inhumane
-writings of Las Casas

Front 28

Charles VII of France

Back 28

-Dauphin
-Disinherited by Treaty of Troyes

Front 29

Joan of Arc

Back 29

-Peasant who broke the siege of Orleans
-Captured by the Burgundians in 1430
-Executed by the inquisition in 1431
-Regained France for Charles VII

Front 30

Jacob Burckhardt

Back 30

-Wrote "Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy" (1860)
-Argued that Renaissance was an extreme break from the Middle Ages

Front 31

Marsilius of Padua

Back 31

-"Defensor Pacis" = "In Defense of Peace"
-Modern sovereignty, anticlerical, separation of church and state

Front 32

Jacques Coeur

Back 32

-Independent merchant banker
-Helped France develop a strong economy

Front 33

Louis XI

Back 33

-Made France a great power, successfully harnessed the nobility, expanded trade and industry

Front 34

Ferdinand and Isabella

Back 34

-King of Aragon and queen of Castille
-Married in 1469
-United two kingdoms
-Christianization of all of Spain

Front 35

Columbus

Back 35

-Born in Genoa
-Went to navigator-training school in Portugal
-Financed by Ferdinand and Isabella
-Landed in San Salvador

Front 36

Charles V

Back 36

-Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain
-Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella
-Son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad
-"Empire in which the sun does not set"

Front 37

Savonarola

Back 37

-Radical Dominican preacher
-Convinced Florentines that Charles VIII's arrival was a long-delayed and fully justified divine vengeance on their immorality
-Virtual rule over Florence for 4 years after Charles's departure

Front 38

Borgia

Back 38

-Family of pope Alexander VI
-Most corrupt pope ever

Front 39

Petrarch

Back 39

-Father of Humanism

Front 40

Dante

Back 40

-Vita Nuova
-Divine Comedy

Front 41

Boccaccio

Back 41

-Decameron
-Stinging social commentary/sympathetic look at human behavior

Front 42

Mirandola

Back 42

-Supervised Florentine Platonic Academy
-"Oration on the Dignity of Man"- 1486
-Humans = only creatures with freedom to be whatever they chose- could be pigs or angels

Front 43

Giotto

Back 43

-Father of Renaissance painting

Front 44

Donatello

Back 44

-Sculptor that portrayed the world around him more literally and naturally

Front 45

Da Vinci

Back 45

-"Renaissance man"
-Mona lisa
-Vetruvian Man

Front 46

Raphael

Back 46

-"Frescoe of "The School of Athens"

Front 47

Michelangelo

Back 47

-David- harmony, symmetry, proportion
-Glorification of human form

Front 48

Pope Julius II

Back 48

-Opponent of Borgia family
-"warrior pope"
-Brought Renaissance papacy to peak of military prowess and diplomatic intrigue; fully secured Papal States

Front 49

Machiavelli

Back 49

-"The Prince"
-Better to be feared than loved

Front 50

Pope John XXII

Back 50

-Avignon Pope
-Theory that the dead did not see God until the Last Judgment

Front 51

Castiglione

Back 51

-"Book of the Courtier"
-Italian humanism
-Successful courtier = knowledge of ancient languages, history, athletic, military, musical skills; good manners and high moral character

Front 52

Valla

Back 52

-"Elegances of the Latin Language"
-pointed out errors in Latin Vulgate
-Supported church, but his discoveries were used to undermine it

Front 53

Masaccio

Back 53

-Italian Renaissance Painter
-One of first to use scientific perspective and realism

Front 54

Titian

Back 54

-Renaissance painter
-Leader of 16th c. Venetian school
-Deep interest in colors

Front 55

Piers the Plowman

Back 55

-Written by William Langland
-Allegory about a peasant guiding the author to truth

Front 56

Chaucer

Back 56

-English poet, philosopher, courtier, diplomat
-Father of English Literature
-"Canterbury Tales"

Front 57

Fuggers

Back 57

-Banking family from Augsburg
-Close connections to the Hapsburgs

Front 58

Botticelli

Back 58

-Italian Renaissance painter, favorite of Lorenzo the Magnificent
-"The Birth of Venus," "Primavera"

Front 59

Brueghel

Back 59

-Flemish Renaissance painter
-Landscapes and peasant scenes

Front 60

Durer

Back 60

-German painter, woodcarver, engraver, mathematician

Front 61

Erasmus

Back 61

-Prince of the Humanists- northern
-Goal- to unite classical ideals of humanity and civic virtue w/ Christian ideals of love and piety

Front 62

Thomas More

Back 62

-Friend of Erasmus
-Wrote Utopia
-One of Henry VIII's diplimats
-Repudated Act of Supremacy, and refused to recognize king's marriage to Anne Boleyn
-Executed in 1535