Ap Environmental: Science, Systems, Matter And Energy

Front 1

science

Back 1

an attempt to discover order in the natural world and use that knowledge to describe what is likely to happen in nature.

Front 2

what are the three important features of the scientific process?

Back 2

skepticism
reproducibility
peer review

Front 3

scientific theory

Back 3

when evidence supports a particular hypo, then it becomes a theory.

verified, credible, and widely accepted scientific hypothesis that is supported by extensive evidence.

Front 4

scientific/natural law

Back 4

description of what happens in nature over and over again in the same way.

ex: second LAW of thermodynamics

if data is accurate, then law cannot be broken.

Front 5

second law of thermodynamics

Back 5

heat travels from hot to cold. e: touch a stove.

Front 6

multi-variable analysis

Back 6

running mathematical models on high-speed computers to analyze the interactions of many variables without having to carry out traditional controlled experiments.

Front 7

define Inductive reasoning.
what else is it known as?

Back 7

measurements and observations -> general statements or conclusions.

bottom-up reasoning.
specific to general.

Front 8

define deductive reasoning
and what is it known as?

Back 8

using logic to arrive to a specific conclusion based on a generalization or premise.

top-down reasoning.
general to specific.

Front 9

syllogism
and how long does it stay accurate?

Back 9

a series of logically connected statements.

stays accurate as long as the premise stays correct and we do not use faulty logic to come to the conclusion.

Front 10

frontier science

Back 10

not been fully confirmed ye, "breakthroughs" and oftenly highly debated between scientists.

Front 11

sound science/ consensus science

Back 11

widely accepted by experts.

Front 12

junk science

and why is frontier science not considered it?

Back 12

scientific results or hypothesis presented as sound science but not having undergone the rigors of the peer review process.

frontier science is not considered junk science because its tentative and going through the review process.

Front 13

system

Back 13

set of components that function and interact in some regular and theoretically understandable manner.

Front 14

what are some key components of systems?

there are three.

Back 14

inputs: from environments
outputs: to the environement
flows/through puts: the system at certain times.

Front 15

define mathematical models and the three steps of making them.

Back 15

one or more equations used to describe the behavior and to describe how the system is likely to behave.

1. make a guess, write down a few trial equations.

2. compute the likely behavior of the systems implied by the equations.

3. compare the system's projected behavior with observations and behavior projected by mental models , existing data, laws, theories, etc.

Front 16

positive feedback loop

Back 16

giving birth, interest in a bank, both variables go in the same direction.

Front 17

negative/ corrective feedback loop

Back 17

change in to the opposite direction. way of balancing, like it trying to control your body temperature in the heat by sweating.

Front 18

define the two types of matter

Back 18

elements-building blocks of matter that build up everything else

compounds-two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions by chemical bonds.

Front 19

atomic number

Back 19

number of protons.

Front 20

mass number

Back 20

amount of proton and neutrons

Front 21

isotopes of an element

Back 21

same atomic number, so same amount of protons, but different amount of neutrons so different mass number.

Front 22

metals

Back 22

lose electrons and become positive

Front 23

electron givers

Back 23

give away their electrons and become positive. metals for example.

Front 24

non metals
electron receivers

Back 24

they gain electrons and therefore become negative. the receive electrons.

Front 25

ionic compounds

Back 25

compounds that contain oppositional charged ions

Front 26

covalent/ molecular compounds

Back 26

molecules of uncharged atoms

Front 27

what kind of bond makes up water?

Back 27

a covalent or molecular bond between atoms.

Front 28

what kind of bonds do organic compounds share?

Back 28

covalent bonds between the molecules.

Front 29

relationships within the body

Back 29

nucleotides
genes
chromosomes
all in nucleus

Front 30

four states of matter

Back 30

physical:
liquid
solid
gas

other:
plasma

Front 31

plasma-

and when does it occur?

Back 31

high energy mixture of roughly equal numbers of positive and negative ions.

when energy is applied to strip of the electrons from a nucleus.

MOST ABUNDANT FORM OF MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE.

Front 32

matter quality

Back 32

measure of how useful a form of matter is to us, based on it availability and concentration

Front 33

material efficiency
resource productivity

Back 33

total amount of material needed to produce each unit of goods and services.

Front 34

energy

Back 34

ability to work and transfer heat.

Front 35

electromagnetic radiation

Back 35

travels in the form of a wave. change between electric and magnetic fields.

Front 36

ionizing radiation

Back 36

enough energy to knock electrons from their atoms and change them to positive ions.

the highly reactive electrons and ions then ruin the bodies natural systems and cause illnesses.

Front 37

nonionizing radiation

Back 37

does not contain enough energy to create ions, no proof whether it is harmful to humans.

Front 38

heat

Back 38

total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules within a given substance.

Front 39

temperature

Back 39

average speed of motion of the atoms, electrons, molecules, in the amount.

Front 40

energy quality

Back 40

measure of the energy source's ability to do work.

Front 41

physical change

Back 41

chemical composition is not altered.

Front 42

three factors determine the severity of pollutant's harmful effects.

Back 42

-chemical nature
-concentration
-persistence

Front 43

four categories of persistence

Back 43

degradable/ non persistent -breaks down entirely.

biodegradable pollutants- living organisms break them down.

slowly degradable/ persistent- takes decades or longer to finally degrade.

non degradable- cannot be broken down.

Front 44

alpha particles versus beta particles

Back 44

alpha particles- two protons and two neutrons, flying matter

beta- high speed electrons.