Ap Comparative Government

Front 1

Ethnic Identity

Back 1

Specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others.

Front 2

National Identity

Back 2

A sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations.

Front 3

Nation

Back 3

A group of people bound together by a common set of political aspirations, the most important of which is self-government.

Front 4

nationalism

Back 4

Pride in one's people and the belief that they have a unique political destiny.

Front 5

nation-state

Back 5

A state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent.

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citizenship

Back 6

An individual's relationship to the state, wherein citizens swear allegiance to that state and the state in return is obligated to provide rights to those citizens.

Front 7

patriotism

Back 7

Pride in one's state.

Front 8

ethnic conflict

Back 8

A conflict in which different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense.

Front 9

national conflict

Back 9

A conflict in which one or more groups within a country develop clear aspirations for political independence, clashing with others as a result.

Front 10

political attitude

Back 10

Description of one's views regarding the speed and methods with which political changes should take place in a given society.

Front 11

radical political attitudes

Back 11

Those with a political attitude that favors dramatic, often revolutionary change.

Front 12

liberal political attitudes

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(1) A political attitude that favors evolutionary transformation. (2) An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, and places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom.

Front 13

Political Attitudes Conservative

Back 13

Those with a political attitude that is skeptical of change and supports the current order.

Front 14

Political Attitudes reactionary

Back 14

Someone who seeks to restore the institutions of a real or imagined earlier order.

Front 15

Political ideology

Back 15

The basic values held by an individual about the fundamental goals of politics or the ideal balance of freedom and equality.

Front 16

Political ideology Liberalism

Back 16

(1) A political attitude that favors evolutionary transformation. (2) An ideology and political system that favors a limited state role in society and the economy, and places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom.

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Political ideology communism

Back 17

(1) A political-economic system in which all wealth and property are shared so as to eliminate exploitation, oppression, and, ultimately, the need for political institutions such as the state. (2) A political ideology that advocates such a system.

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Political ideology social democracy

Back 18

(1) A political-economic system in which freedom and equality are balanced through the state's management of the economy and the provision of social expenditures. (2) A political ideology that advocates such a system.

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Political ideology fascism

Back 19

A political ideology that asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of both freedom and equality in order to achieve a powerful state.

Front 20

Political ideology anarchism

Back 20

A political ideology that stresses the elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve both freedom and equality for all.

Front 21

Political ideology fundamentalism

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A view of religion as absolute and inerrant that should be legally enforced by making faith the sovereign authority.

Front 22

liberal- democracy

Back 22

A political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights.

Front 23

Theocracy

Back 23

is a form of government in which a state is understood as governed by immediate divine guidance provided to ruling clergy or other ruling officials

Front 24

Political Culture

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The basic norms for political activity in a society.

Front 25

political economy

Back 25

The study of the interaction between states and markets.

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market

Back 26

The interactions between the forces of supply and demand that allocate resources.

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property

Back 27

Goods or services that are owned by an individual or group, privately or publicly.

Front 28

public good

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Goods, provided or secured by the state, available to society and which no private person or organization can own.

Front 29

social expenditure

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State provision of public benefits, such as education, health care, and transportation.

Front 30

central bank

Back 30

The state institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy, as well as how much it costs to borrow money in that economy.

Front 31

inflation

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An outstripping of supply by demand, resulting in an increase in the general price level of goods and services and the resulting loss of value in a country's currency.

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hyperinflation

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Inflation of more than 50 percent a month for more than two months in a row.

Front 33

deflation

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A period of falling prices and values for goods, services, investments, and wages.

Front 34

regulation

Back 34

A rule or order that sets the boundaries of a given procedure.

Front 35

monopoly

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A single producer that is able to dominate the market for a good or service without effective competition.

Front 36

tariff

Back 36

A tax on imported goods.

Front 37

quota

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A nontariff barrier that limits the quantity of a good that may be imported into a country.

Front 38

nontariff regulatory barriers

Back 38

Policies and regulations used to limit imports through methods other than taxation.

Front 39

comparative advantage

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The ability of one country to produce a particular good or service more efficiently relative to other countries' efficiency in producing the same good or service.

Front 40

political-economic system

Back 40

The relationship between political and economic institutions in a particular country and the policies and outcomes they create.

Front 41

laissez-faire

Back 41

The principle that the economy should be "allowed to do" what it wishes; a liberal system of minimal state interference in the economy.

Front 42

capitalism

Back 42

A system of production based on private property and free markets.

Front 43

neocorporatism

Back 43

A system of social democratic policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to set economic policy.

Front 44

mercantilism

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A political-economic system in which national economic power is paramount and the domestic economy is viewed as an instrument that exists primarily to serve the needs of the state.

Front 45

parastatals

Back 45

Industries partially or fully owned by the state.

Front 46

gross domestic product (GDP)

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The total market value of all goods and services produced by a country over a period of one year.

Front 47

purchasing-power parity (PPP)

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A statistical tool that attempts to estimate the buying power of income across different countries by using prices in the United States as a benchmark.

Front 48

Gini index

Back 48

A statistical formula that measures the amount of inequality in a society; its scale ranges from 0 to 100, where 0 corresponds to perfect equality and 100 to perfect inequality.

Front 49

human development index (HDI)

Back 49

A statistical tool that attempts to evaluate the overall wealth, health, and knowledge of a country's people.

Front 50

economic liberalization

Back 50

Changes consistent with liberalism that aim to limit the power of the state and increase the power of the market and private property in an economy.