A&p Chapter 9

Front 1

What is an Articulation?

Back 1

An articulation, or joint, is the place where bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth. They vary in stability and mobility and are classified into categories based on their joint structure and their mobility

Front 2

Fibrous Structure

Back 2

Bones are held together by dense regular connective tissue

Front 3

Cartilaginous Structure

Back 3

Bones joined by cartilage

Front 4

Synovial Structure

Back 4

Bones separated by fluid filled cavity. Most joints.

Front 5

Function of Synarthrosis

Back 5

Immobile joint

Front 6

Function of Amphiarthrosis

Back 6

Slightly mobile joint

Front 7

Function of Diarthrosis

Back 7

Freely mobile joint

Front 8

How are the fibrous joint categorized?

Back 8

Gomphosis

Suture

And syndesmosis

Front 9

Gomphosis

Back 9

Is a fibrous structure. Peridoral membranes hold tooth to bony jaw. Example of this joint is tooth to jaw. It is Synarthrosis (immobile)

Front 10

Suture

Back 10

It is a fibrous joint. Dense regular connective tissue connects skull bones. An example is the lamboid suture, which connects the occipital and parietal bones. Is Synarthrosis, immobile.

Front 11

Syndesmosis

Back 11

A fibrous joint. Dense regular connective tissue fibers between the bones. Examples is the articulation between the radius and ulna, and tibia and fibula. Is Amphiarthrosis, slightly mobile.

Front 12

How are the cartilaginous joints categorized?

Back 12

Synchondrosis and Symphysis

Front 13

Synchondrosis

Back 13

Part of the cartilaginous structure. When there's hyaline cartilage between bones. Found in the epiphyseal plates in growing bones, and the costochondral joints. Is Synarthrosis, immobile.

Front 14

Symphysis

Back 14

One of the cartilaginous structures. It is a fibrocartilage pad between bones. Examples are the pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc articulations. Are Amphiarthrosis, slightly mobile.

Front 15

How are synovial joints categorized?

Back 15

Most joints are synovial so they can be categorized several ways and are all Diarthrosis or freely mobile. If they are uniaxial, they are either a plane joint, a hinge joint, or a pivot joint. If they are biaxial, they are either condylar or saddle. If they are multiaxial, they are ball and socket joints.

Front 16

Uniaxial Joints

Back 16

Plane joint, hinge joint, and pivot joint

Front 17

Plane joint.

Back 17

Is a uniaxial synovial joint. Is a flattened or slightly curved face that slides across one another. Examples are the intercarpal joints and intertarsal joints. Are Diarthrosis or freely mobile.

Front 18

Hinge Joint

Back 18

Is a uniaxial synovial joint. Where a convex feature of one bone fits into concave depression of another bone. Examples are elbow joint, knee joint, and IP (interphalangeal) joints. Are Diarthrosis or freely mobile

Front 19

Pivot Joint

Back 19

Is a uniaxial synovial joint. Bones with rounded surfaces fits into a ring formed by a ligaments and another bone. Example is at the atlantoaxial joint. Is Diarthrosis or freely mobile.

Front 20

Biaxial joints

Back 20

Condylar and saddle

Front 21

Condylar joint

Back 21

Is a biaxial synovial joint. Oval articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with a depressed oval surface on another bone. Examples are MP(metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal) joints. Is Diarthrosis or freely mobile.

Front 22

Saddle joint

Back 22

Is a biaxial synovial joint. Is a Saddle shaped articular surface on one bone closely interfaces with a saddle-shaped surface on another bone. Is found at the articulation between carpal and first metacarpal bone. Is Diarthrosis or freely mobile.

Front 23

Ball and socket joint

Back 23

Is the only multiaxial synovial joint. When a rounded head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another bone. Examples are the glenohumeral joint and hip joint. Is Diarthrosis or freely mobile

Front 24

General anatomy of Synovial joints

Back 24

Articular capsule, articular cartilage, joint cavity, ligaments, sensory nerves, and blood vessels. There are also accessory structures that surround the joint thay function in reducing friction and filling spaces, called the bursae, tendon sheaths and fat pads.

Front 25

Articular Capsule (general anatomy of Synovial joints)

Back 25

Has two layers. The other fibrous layer which is made of dense regular connective tissue, it strengthens the joint. The inner synovial membrane secretes the synovial fluid.

Front 26

Articular Cartilage (general anatomy of Synovial joint)

Back 26

Articular surfaces in synovial joints are covered by hyaline cartilage, it reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.

Front 27

Joint Cavity (general anatomy of Synovial joints)

Back 27

The space between articulating bones. Contains a small amount of Synovial fluid that lubricates and nourishes (and the chondrocytes) of the articular cartilage. Absorbs shock during compression of the joint.

Front 28

Ligaments (general anatomy of Synovial joints)

Back 28

Connect bone to bone, is made of dense regular connective tissue. Strengthen and reinforces the capsule.

Front 29

Sensory nerves (general anatomy of Synovial joints)

Back 29

Detects pain and amount of stretch in a joint

Front 30

Blood vessels (general anatomy of a synovial joint)

Back 30

Nourish tissues in the joint

Front 31

Bursae

Back 31

Sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons and/or bones rub. Contains synovial fluid.

Front 32

Tendon sheaths.

Back 32

Elongated bursae around tendons, particularly in confined areas (wrist and ankle) where tendons rub each other

Front 33

Fat pads

Back 33

Packing material, also provides some protection

Front 34

Synovial joints movements

Back 34

Gliding motion, angular motion, rotational motion, and special movements

Front 35

Gliding motion

Back 35

When two opposing articular surfaces slide past each other in almost any direction, the amount of movement is slight. Slides back and forth and side to side. Angle between bones does not change. Occurs mainly in plane joints.

Front 36

Angular motion

Back 36

Increases or decreases the angle between bones. Seven different types: flexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Front 37

Flexion

Back 37

The angle between articulating bones decreases

Front 38

Extension

Back 38

An angular motion. The angle between articulating bones increase.

Front 39

Hyperextension

Back 39

Extension movement continues past the anatomic position. Is a angular movement.

Front 40

Lateral Flexion

Back 40

The vertebral column moves (bends) in a lateral direction along a coronal plane.

Front 41

Abduction

Back 41

Movement away from the midline. An angular movement.

Front 42

Adduction.

Back 42

Movement of a bone toward the midline. An angular movement.

Front 43

Circumduction

Back 43

A continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in succession. The distal end of the limb or digital movies in a circle. An angular movement.

Front 44

Pronation

Back 44

Rotation of the forearms where the palm is turned posteriorly. A rotational movement.

Front 45

Supination

Back 45

Rotation of the forearms in which the palm is turned anteriorly. A rotational movement.

Front 46

Depression (movement)

Back 46

Is a special movement. Movement of a body part inferiorly.

Front 47

Elevation

Back 47

A special movement. Movement of a body part superiorly.

Front 48

Dorsiflexion

Back 48

Ankle joint movement where the dorsum(superior surface) of the foot is brought closer to the anterior surface of the leg. A special movement.

Front 49

Plantar flexion

Back 49

A special movement. Ankle joint movement whereby the sole of the foot is brought towards the posterior surface of the leg

Front 50

Inversion

Back 50

A special movement. Twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole medially or inward.

Front 51

Eversion

Back 51

A special movement. Twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole laterally or outward.

Front 52

Protraction

Back 52

A special movement. Anterior movement of a body part from anatomic position.

Front 53

Retraction

Back 53

A special movement. Posterior movement of a body part from anatomic position.

Front 54

Opposition

Back 54

A special movement. Special movement of the thumb across the palm and toward the fingers to permit grasping and holding of an object.

Front 55

Some joints in depth: the axial skeleton

Back 55

Included the tempotomandibular joint and the invertebral articulations

Front 56

Tempotomandibular Joint

Back 56

Diathrotic hinge joint between mandibular and temporal bone with:

Articular disc and ligaments: sphrnomandibular, stylomandibular, and tempotomandibular (lateral)

Front 57

Intervertebral articulations

Back 57

-Amphiarthrosis between vertebral bodies; diarthroses between articular processes

-vertebral bodies separated by intervertebral discs with outer anulus fibrosus and inner nucleus pulposus

-ligaments: anterior and posterior longitudinal

Front 58

Joints of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs

Back 58

Sternoclavicular

Acromuoclavicular

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joints

Elbow

Radiocarpal (wrist) joints

Front 59

Stericlavicular Joint

Back 59

Diarthrotic Saddle Joint between manubrium of sternum and sternal end of the clavicle

-ligaments:

Anterior and posterior sternoclavicular

Costoclavicular

Interclavicular

Front 60

Acromioclavicular Joint

Back 60

Diarthrosis between acromial end of clavicle and acromion of scapula

Ligaments: acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular

Front 61

Glenohumeral Joint

Back 61

Also known as the shoulder joint

Diarthrotic ball and socket joint between the head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

Features:

-fibrocartilaginous glenoid labrum

-ligaments: coracoacromial, coracohumeral, glenohumeral, transverse humeral

-rotator cuff muscles

-bursae subacromual, subcoracoid, subdeltoid, and subscapular

Front 62

Elbow Joint

Back 62

Diarthrotic hinge joint composed of humeroulnar and humeroradial joint

-ligaments: radial (lateral) collateral and ulnar (medial) collateral. Anular.

Front 63

Radiocarpal (wrist) joints

Back 63

Diarthrotic condylar joint between:

-distal articular surface of radius and

-three proximal carpal bones:

Scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum.

Front 64

Joints of the pelvis girdle and lower limbs

Back 64

Hip (coxal) joint

Knee joint

Talocrural (ankle) joints

Joints of the foot

Front 65

Knee joint

Back 65

Diarthrotic hinge joint between the femur, tibia, and patella.

Largest most complex joint in the body with:

Medial and lateral menisci,

Ligaments:

Patellar, fibular (lateral) collateral, tibial (medial) collateral, anterior and posterior cruciate (ACL and PCL)

Front 66

Talocrural (ankle) joint

Back 66

Diathrotic hinge joint composed of two articulations:

Between distal end of tibia and the talus

Between distal end of fibula and the lateral aspect of the talus

Ligaments: deltoid, lateral and anterior and posterior tibiofibular

Front 67

Joints of the foot

Back 67

Four different types of diarthroses:

-intertarsal: plane joint between tarsals

-tarsometatarsal: plane joint between distal tarsal bones and metatarsals

-metatarsophalangeal (MP): condylar joint between metatarsal and proximal phalanges

Interphalangeal (IP): hinge joint between phalanges