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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with another atom depends on?
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the number of electrons in its outermost or valence shell.
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The atoms of a molecule are held together by forces of attraction called?
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chemical bonds.
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What type of bonds form when an atom loses or gains a valence electron.
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Ionic Bonds, Positively and negatively charged ions are attracted to one another.
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What are positively charged ions that have given up one or more electrons (they are electron donors.)
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Cations
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What are negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons that another atom has lost (they are electron acceptors).
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Anions
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What type of bonds are formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, two, or three pairs of their valence electrons.
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Covalent Bonds
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What type of bonds are the strongest chemical bonds.
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Covalent bonds
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Covalent bonds may be nonpolar or?
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polar
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In a what type of covalent bond, do atoms share the electrons equally
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nonpolar
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What type of covalent bonds are formed by the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms?
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Polar
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Polar covalent bonds are extremely important because?
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The all-important water molecule makes use of this bond.
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What type of bonds are weak interactions (approximately 5% as strong as covalent bonds) between hydrogen and adjacent electronegative atoms like oxygen or sulfur.
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Hydrogen Bonds
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What type of bonds result from attraction of oppositely charged parts of molecules—they should not be confused with covalent bonding to hydrogen which involves actual sharing of electrons.
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Hydrogen Bonds
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What reactions occur when electrons in the valence shell are shared or transferred? New bonds form and/or old bonds are broken.
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Chemical reactions
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What is the “sum of all the chemical reactions in the body”.
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Metabolism
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Energy (the capacity to do work) is transferred in a?
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chemical reaction.
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What energy is the energy of matter in motion?
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Kinetic Energy
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What energy is energy stored by matter - due to an object’s position in space, or stored in chemical bonds?
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Potential Energy
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What reaction releases energy (usually in the form of heat during catabolism of food) by breaking a bond with more energy than the one being formed?
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An exergonic reaction
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What reaction requires that energy be added, usually from a molecule called
ATP, to form a bond? |
An endergonic reaction
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What Energy is the energy required to break chemical bonds in the reactant molecules so a reaction can start
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Activation Energy
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Factors that cause a collision (and a chemical reaction to take place) include the temperature and the concentration of the reactants, and the presence or absence of a?
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catalyst
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What are chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur?
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Catalysts
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What are neither consumed nor produced in chemical reaction? They are used over-and-over again, often several million times per second!
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Catalysts
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In a chemical reaction, a ____ helps to properly orient the colliding particles of matter so that a reaction can occur at a lower collision speed.
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catalyst, A catalyst does not alter the difference in potential
energy between the reactants and products (it only lowers the amount of energy needed to get the reaction started.) |
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Types of chemical reactions can be broadly classified as:
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Synthesis reactions, Decomposition reactions, Exchange reactions, and Reversible reactions.
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What compounds are structurally simple molecules that usually lack carbon - like the salt and potassium chloride (KCl)
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Inorganic
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What compounds always contain carbon and are usually large, complex molecules.
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Organic, Usually contain hydrogen, Always have covalent bonds
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What is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems?
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Water
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In a solution, the solvent dissolves the?
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solute.
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Name four types of organic macromolecules.
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Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
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What provides most of the energy needed for life and include sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose.
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates are divided into three major groups based on their size. They are?
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monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides .
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Like carbohydrates, these contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; unlike carbohydrates, they do not have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. They are?
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Lipids
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What combines with proteins (lipoproteins) for transport in blood?
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Lipids
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What are huge organic molecules composed of monomeric nucleotides? They contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, and form the principle molecules that contain our genetic code –
DNA and RNA. |
Nucleic acids
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What are large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen? They are the most “human” of all organic compounds.
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Proteins
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Proteins are constructed from combinations of different?
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amino acids.
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What are formed from 2 amino acids joined by a covalent bond called a peptide bond?
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Dipeptides
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What kind of chains contain 10 to 2000 amino acids?
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Polypeptide
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There are 4 levels at which proteins are structurally organized. They are?
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Primary
Secondary Tertiary Quaternary |
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The resulting ____ of the protein greatly influences its ability to recognize and bind to other molecules.
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shape
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What are special proteins that catalyze (speed up) metabolic reaction in all living cells.
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Enzymes
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What acids are universal in living things. These molecules carry genetic information as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
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Nucleic
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type of protein, forms polypeptide chains that are parallel made of collagen, elastin, and fibrin. |
Fibrous Proteins |
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type of protein, makes polypeptide chains that are spherical → metabolic function include enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin and lipoproteins |
Globular Protein |
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like carbohydrates also contain H,C,O but H:O ration is NOT 2:1→ usually less O2, have fewer polar covalent bonds and not soluble in polar solvents → Hydrophobic |
Lipids |
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Type of lipid that has 4 rings of Carbon atoms and a hydrocarbon tail |
steroids |
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commonly encountered steroids, such as cholesterol, estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, bile salts, and vitamin D. ALL have at least one hydroxyl group |
Sterols |
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lipids derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid, name the name of this category and the 2 subcategories |
(Eicosanoids)- prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
