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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consists of
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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the central nervous system consists of
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brain and spinal cord
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the peripheral nervous system consists of
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the rest of the body
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a neuron that transmits a nerve impulse towards the central nervous system is called
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sensory neuron
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the largest and most numerous glia
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astrocytes
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what is the function of the central nervous system
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evaluates information, initiates outgoing responses, integrates sensory information
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what do we call the part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscle
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somatic nervous system
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what forms the myelin sheath
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schwann cells
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myelin sheath is associated with white fibers in the brain
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true
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myelin sheath is important for nerve impulse conduction
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true
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myelin sheath is destroyed in people with MS
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true
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myelin sheath covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord
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false
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neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating
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when the microglia form scar tissue
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along a neuron the correct pathway for impulse conduction is
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dendrites, cell body, axons
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what do we call a neuron that has only one axon and several dendrites
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multipolar
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the reflex arc always consists of an afferent and efferent neuron
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true
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multipolar neurons have
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multiple dendrites and one axon
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most unipolar neurons are
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sensory neurons
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fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called
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perineurium
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the grey matter in the brain and spinal cord consist primarily of
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myelinated fibers
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regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is in tact and the fibers have
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neurilemma
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which of the following does not cross the blood brain barrier
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dopamine
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which neurotransmitter is associated with parkinsons disease
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dopamine
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dendrites conduct impulses ______ cell bodies
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toward
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a neurons resting membrane potential is
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-70mV
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the larger the diameter of a nerve fiber will
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slow down
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where is the synaptic knob located
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on the axon
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there are how many miles of nerves in the human body
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45
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which is true of a neuron with a resting potential
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sodium pump moves sodium to the outside of the cell membrane
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when we have an action potential the outside of the plasma membrane is
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negatively charged
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when we have an action potential the inside of the plasma membrane is
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positively charged
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the only ions that can diffuse across a neurons membrane when the neuron is at rest is
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potassium
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what is the first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to the neuron
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the sodium channels open up
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a slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called
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local potential
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during a relative refractory period what can happen to the action potential
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if the stimulus is strong enough an action potential can occur
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what does a synapse consist of
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synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, plasma membrane
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when an impulse reaches a synapse what occurs
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chemical transmitters are released
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excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to initiate
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action potential
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when a current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node the type of impulse conduction is
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salutatory conduction
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for a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory post synaptic potential which of the following channels must open
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potassium and/or chlorine channels
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what are the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters
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acetylcholine, amines, neuropeptides
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serotonin is an example of what kind of neurotransmitter
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amine
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are all neurotransmitters inhibitory
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no
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what are the most common neurotransmitters in the CNS
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amino acids
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glycine is what kind of neurotransmitter
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amino acid (inhibitory)
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Compared with the inside of the cell, the outside of most cell membranes is
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positive
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The difference in electrical charge across a plasma membrane is called
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membrane potential
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A neuron's resting membrane potential is
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–70mv
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Which of the following statements is true concerning the sodium–potassium pump
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Three sodium ions are pumped out of the neuron for every two potassium ions pumped into the neuron
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During a relative refractory period
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an action potential is possible only in response to a very strong stimulus
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Voltage–gated channels are
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Ion channels that open in response to voltage fluctuations
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What current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier, the type of impulse conduction is
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Saltatory conduction
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The large diameter of a nerve fiber
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The faster the speed of conduction
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During rest, excess oxygen molecules in the sarcoplasm are attached to a large protein molecule called myoglobin
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Yes
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Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called lactic acid
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Yes
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The principal components of a motor unit is
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One somatic motor neuron, The muscle fibers supplied by a somatic motor neuron
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The staircase phenomenon is also known as
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treppe
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skeletal muscles are innervated by
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Somatic motor neurons
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Which of the following statements concerning isometric contractions is true
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muscle length remains constant
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physiological muscle fatigue is caused by
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relative lack of ATP
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small distinct regions of gray matter within the CNS are usually called
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Nuclei
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Nerves that contain mostly efferent fibers are called
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Motor nerves
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Gray matter in the CNS consists of
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Cell bodies
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Most nerves in the human nervous system are
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mixed nerves
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Evidence now indicates that neurons may be replaced
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Yes
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Regeneration of nerve fibers will occur if the cell body is intact and the fibers have a neurilemmal
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Yes
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The are no differences between the CNS and PNS concerning the repair of damaged fibers
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False
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What is a disorder of the nervous system that involves the glia, rather than the neurons
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Multiple Sclerosis
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What is a common type of brain tumor that is usually benign but may still be life–threatening
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Glioma
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What is a highly malignant form of astrocytic tumor is known as
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Gliobastoma multiforme
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An inherited glial disease characterized by numerous benign fibrous neurons throughout the body is known as
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neurofibromatosis
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Most disorders of the nervous system involve
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glia rather than neurons
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Incoming sensory pathways are
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afferent
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The parasympathetic division coordinates the body's normal resting activities and is sometimes referred to as
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rest and repair division
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The myelin sheath is produced by
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Oligodendrocytes
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What are found only in peripheral neurons
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Schwann cells
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Myelin sheath gaps are often called
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Nodes of Ranvier
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Energy for neurons is provided by
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mitochondria
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Myelinated fibers are
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white
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Axons
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Neurons
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Neuroglia
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Supporting cells
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Astrocytes
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Neuroglia
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Neurons
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Sensory
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Neurons
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conduct impulses
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Neuroglia
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forms the myelin sheath around central nerve fibers
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Neuroglia
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phagocytosis
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Neurons
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efferent
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Neuroglia
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multiple sclerosis
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Neurons
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multipolar
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action potential and nerve impulses are synonymous
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True
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When repolarization has occured, an impulse cannot be conducted
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False
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The action potential is an all or none response
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True
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Many anesthetics function by inhibiting the opening of sodium channels and thus block the initiation and conduction of nerve impulses
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True
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Which of the following structures is not a main component of a chemical synapse
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synaptic process
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A synaptic knob is located on the
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Axon
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Spatial summation
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neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several pre–synaptic knobs converge on one post–synaptic neuron
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Ca++ ions cause the release of neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft
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True
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Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to
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receptors on the post–synaptic terminal
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Endurance training is also called
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aerobic training
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a muscle contracts the instant it is stimulated
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No
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Isotonic contractions is one in which the tone or tension within a muscle remains the same, but the length of the muscle changes
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True
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One method of studying muscles contraction is called
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myography
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Muscle with more toned than normal can be described as flaccid
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No
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Smooth muscle is located
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in the walls of hollow organs
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Skeletal muscle tissue
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contains many nuclei near the sarcolemma
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Skeletal muscle tissue
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is voluntary
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Smooth muscle tissue
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is not striated
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Cardiac muscle tissue is
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striated and contains a single nucleus
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Smooth muscle tissue
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peristaltic
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Has larger diameter T tubules that form dyads with sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Cardiac muscle tissue
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Skeletal muscle tissue primary functions
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movement of bones, heat production, and posture
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Cardiac muscle tissue has
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intercalated disks
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Smooth muscle tissue has
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loosely organized sarcoplasmic reticulum
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muscle strains are characterized by
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myalgia
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crush injuries can cause ______________ to accumulate in the blood and result in kidney failure
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myoglobin
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A viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal muscle movement is known as
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poliomyelitis
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The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the
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central nervous system
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Nerves that originate from the brain are called ________nerves
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cranial
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The somatic nervous system carries information to the
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skeletal muscles
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The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the _______divisions
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parasympathetic and sympathetic
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The ______nervous system is a complex network of nerve pathways embedded in the intestinal wall with a network of integators and feedback loops that can act somewhat independently
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enteric
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Excitable cells that conduct the impulses are called
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neurons
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The main chemical classes of neurotransmitters include all of the following except
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norepinephrine
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Which of the following is not a example of an amine neurotransmitter
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glycine
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Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in which of the following neurotransmitters
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amines
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Which of the following is not a catecholamine
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serotonin
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Cocaine produces a temporary feeling of well–being by blocking the re–uptake of dopamine
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True
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Multiple sclerosis is a _____________disorder
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myelin
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_________disease is a failure to release adequate dopamine at the synapse of certain motor pathways
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Parkinson's
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Neurotrophins stimulate neuron development but also can act as
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neurotransmitters and neuromodulators
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A membrane that exhibits a membrane potential is said to be
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polarized
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The membrane potential maintained by a nonconducting neuron's plasma membrane is called the
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resting membrane potential
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The mechanisms that produce and maintain the resting membrane potential do so by producing a
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slight excess of positive ions on the outer surface of the plasma membrane
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The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite direction and at different rates is the
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chloride channel
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An ion channel that opens in response to a sensory stimulus is a
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stimulus gated channel
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Movement of the membrane potential away from zero (below the usual RMP) is called
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hyperpolarization
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A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is
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depolarization
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If the magnitude of the local depolarization surpasses a limit called the _________, voltage–gated Na+ channels are stimulated to open
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threshold potential
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The brief period during which a local area of an axon's membrane resists re–stimulation is called the _________period
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refractory
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The action potential seems to "leap" from node to node along a myelinated fiber. This type of impulse regeneration is called __________conduction
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saltatory
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There are two types of synapses–the electrical synapse and the ______synapse
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chemical
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The tiny budge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic's neuron's axon is called
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synaptic knob
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What mechanism quickly terminates the action of a neurotransmitter once it binds to its post–synaptic receptor
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Neurotransmitter molecules are transported back into synaptic knobs, the molecules are metabolized into inactive compounds and the molecules are transported into nearby glial cells
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When synaptic knobs stimulate a post–synaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effect can add up over a brief period to produce an action potential–this is called
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termporal summation
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Which chemicals allow neurons to communicate with one another
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neurotransmitters
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What is a group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissue
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muscular dystrophy
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What is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction
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Myasthenia Gravis
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When a muscle does not shorten and no movement results, the contraction is
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Isometric
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Pushing against a wall is an example of which type of contraction
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Isometric
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Prolonged activity causes muscles to shrink in mass, a condition called
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disuse atrophy
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muscle fibers usually contract to about _____% of their starting length
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80
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Which statement is true if smooth muscle
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it lines the walls of many hollow organs
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what is a quick jerky response of a given muscle to a single stimulus called
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twitch
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The energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of amino acids
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No
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A motor neuron together with the cells it innervates is called a motor unit
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Yes
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If muscles are stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction will decrease, resulting in fatigue
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Yes
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The minimum level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the threshold stimulus
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yes
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Weakness of abdominal muscles can lead to a hernia
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yes
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There are two types of smooth muscle visceral and multi unit
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yes
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Cardiac muscle is also known as striated involuntary
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yes
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The length/extension relationship states that the maximum strength a muscle can develop is related to the length of the fibers
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yes
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Skeletal muscles have little effect on body temperature
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No
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Which of these glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system
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Schwann cells
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The glia cells that help form the blood–brain barrier are the
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astrocytes
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What structure of the Schwann cell is essential to normal nerve growth and the regeneration of injured nerve fibers
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neurilemma
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The _______ of a neuron is a single process that usually extends from a tapered portion of the cell body
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axon
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Which of the following is not a structural classification of neurons
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polar
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A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is an
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reflex arc
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Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the
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white matter of the nervous system
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Neurons have
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very limited capacity to repair themselves
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What term describes the bundles of nerve fibers within the central nervous system
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tracts
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