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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antibodies belong to a class of plasma proteins called?
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Gamma globulins
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Serum is blood plasma minus?
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Clotting proteins
(Na ions, Ca ions, globulins, albumins) |
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Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause hemolytic anemia?
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mushroom poisoining
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It is impossible for a type "O" baby to have a type ____mother?
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AB-
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Which of the following is not a component of hemostasis?
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Agglutination
(platelet plug formation, clot retraction, vascular spasm, degranulation) |
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Which of the following contributes most to the viscosity of blood?
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erythrocytes
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Which of these is a granulocyte?
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Eosinophil
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Excess iron is stored in the liver as a complex called?
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Ferrin
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Pernicious anemia is a result of?
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lack of intrinsic factor
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The first clotting factor that the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways have in common is?
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Factor X
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Production of all the formed elements of blood is called?
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Hemopoisis
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Intrinsic factor enables the small intestine to absorb?
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B 12
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Hemophillia A is missing which factor?
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VIII
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What is true about blood?
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The formed element include erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
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What is false about plasma?
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It contains albumins that are part of the immune response
(true it is the liquid portion of blood, it contains albumins and globulin proteins that are mainly from the liver, it contains clotting factors, It is about 55% of the total blood volume. |
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The pacemaker potential of the SA node results from the flow of?
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Sodium
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What hemopoietic tissue produce blood cells
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Yolk sac-invetebrate embryo produce stem cells that colonize fetal bone marrow
lliver, spleen and thymus- all produce hemopoietic tissue Liver stops producing blood cells at birth, but spleen and thymus remain involved with WBC production The thyroid does not. |
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Erythrocyte Production
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-Erythroblasts synthesize hemoglobin
-erythroblast lose their nucleus and become reticulocytes that are released into the blood. -blood cell formation must be about the same as blood cell destruction. (Erythropoiten from the kidney and liver stimulates hemopoiesis - FALSE) |
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Stimulus
for erythropoiesis |
-increase exercise
-moving to higher altitude -hemorrhge -(Anemia is not a stimulus) |
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Iron
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-Fe 2 is more absorbable then Fe3
iron is stored in the liver by joining to apoferritin to form ferritin -iron is transported by transferrin -women have a highter daily requirement for iron than men -(False-Iron is attached to each of the amino acids in hemoglobin) it is attached to the heme group |
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T cell lymphocyte
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-WBC
-mediated immunity -goes to thymus -toxic granules -agranuocyte |
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B cell lymphocyte
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-WBC
-antibodies -bone marrow -agranuocyte |
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monocyte
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-3-8%
-increase in viral infections and inflammation -agranucyte -monocytes leave in 20 hours, transform into macrophages and live for several years |
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Eosinophils
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-2-4%
-phagocytize antigen-antibody -increase is parasitic infections and allergins -granuocyte |
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Basophils
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<0.5-1%
-increase in chichenpox, sinusitis, DM, secrete histimine, and heparin -granuocyte |
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What is false about Platelets?
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they are multinucleate
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What is false about Erythrocytes?
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It is destroyed by the spleen and liver
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What is true about hemoglogin?
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-having a heme group with a central iron atom
-have two alpha and two beta chain in the adult -have two alpha and two gamma chains in the fetus -can carry four oxygen molecules -all of the above are true |
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What is true about Erythrocyte death?
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the waste molecule biliverdin is converted to blirubin
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Polycythemia
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-excess of RBC
-due to cancer of erythropoietic cell line in the red bone marrow -RBC cout as high ass 11 million -hematocrit of 80% |
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Aplastic anemia
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complete cessation of RBC (cause unknown)
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Pernicious anemia
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inadequate Vit B12 from poor nitrition or lack of intrinsic factor from gland of the stomah
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A genetically caused anemia
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Sickle-Cell Disease and Thalassemia
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hemolytic anemia
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excessive breakdown of RBCs
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ABO Group
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blood type is determined by presence or absence of agglutinogens, A and B on RBCs
-blood type A person has A agglutinogens, blood type B person has B agglutinogens, AB has both and blood type O has neither. -Blood type O is the most common: AB is the rarest |
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Hemolytic disease
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Rh- pregnant worman carring an RH+ fetus
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Neurtraphils
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-Granulocyte
mutilobe nucleus (60-70%) -increase in bacterial infections -phagocytosis of bacteria -release antimicrobial chemicals |
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Basophils
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-granulocyte
-abundant -large U to S shaped -nucleus hidden by granules -increase in chicken pox, sinusitis, and diabetes -secrete histamine -secrete heparin |
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Eosinophils
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-granulocyte
-bilobe nucleus -2-4% increase in parasitic infections or allergies -phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes, allergens adn inflammatory chemicals -release enzymes destroy parasites such as worms |
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Monocyte
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-agranulocyte
kidney or horseshoe shaped nucleus -increase in viral infection and inflammation -differentiate into macrophages -phagocytize pathogens adn debris -present to activate other immune cells. |
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categories of hemostatis
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coagulation
-inflammatory response -vascular spasm -platelet plug formation -all are main categories of hemostasis |
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Extrinsic pathway
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-initiated by tissue
thromboplastin -cascade from factor VII to V to X |
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Intrinsic pathway
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-initiated by factor
XII -cascade from factor XI to IX to VIII to X |
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Prothrombinase
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coagulation cascade
-factor X activates V proacceleria |
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Thrombin
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-factor II
-coagulaation prokin in the bloood stream |
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plasminogen
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-enzyme in blood that degrades many plasma proteins (fibrin clots)
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Heparin
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anticoagulant which prevent the formation of new blood clots
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anti hemophilia factor
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VII to X factor- links to hemophilia A disease
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The extrinsic pathway coagulation is activated by ____ from damaged perivascular tissues?
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thromboplastin
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hemophilia
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genetic lack of any clotting factor affects coagulation, recessive in males
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation
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clotting of blood within unbloken vessels, septicemia, cardiac arrest
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thalasemmia
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anemia
-hereditary H defect seen among people of mediterranean area -deficiency or absence of alpha or beta hemoglobin |
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whole blood
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ejection fraction - 50-60%
-Erythrocyte number- Men 4.6-5.2 mil/ml female 4.2-5.4 mil/ml -formed element- 47% erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelete (blood cells) Biconcave formations- RBSs Hematocrit- packed cell volume-%of total volume- men 42-52% women 37-48% |
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The cardiac conduction system includes all of the following except?
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chordae tendonase
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to get from the right atrium to the right ventricle, blood flow throught?
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tricuspid valve
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Assume that one ventricle or a childs heart has an EDV of 90ml, an ESV of 60 ml,and a cardiac output of 2.55 L/min. What are the childs stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF) and heart rate (HR)
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30/33/85
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A heart rate of 45 bpm and an absence of P wave suggest
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Damage to SA node
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Cardiac muscle does not exhibt tetanus because it has?
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a long absolute refractory perior
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The atria contract during?
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P-Q segment
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First heart sound
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caused by artioventricular valves
-bicuspid /vitrial and tricuspid |
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second heart sound
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caused by semilunar valves
-aortic and pulmonary |
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QRS complex
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the ventricular contract during
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ST segment
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the end of the ventricular depolarization and the beginning of ventricular repolarazation
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The blood contain in a ventricle during isovolumetric relaxation is?
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End-systolic volume (ESV)
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Drugs that increase teh heart rate have a ____effect?
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Positive chronotropic
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The circulatory route from aorta to the venae caae is the ____curcuit?
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Systemic
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Blood in the heart chamber is separated from teh myocardium by a thin membrane calle the _____?
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Endocardium
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Myocardium
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composed of cardiac muscle/ between epi and endocardium
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Parietal pericardium
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fibrous layer and serous layer
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epicardium
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membrane on the heart surface/ visceral
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Endocardium
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lines the interior of the heart chambers
-covers the valve surfaces |
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Pericardial cavity
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between the parietal and visceral membranes
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Marginal
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supplies lateral right atrium and ventricle
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circumflex
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passes around left side of heart in coronary sulcus
-supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle |
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anterior interventricular
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supplies interventricular septum and anterior walls of ventricle
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Posterior interventricular
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supplies posterior walls of ventricles
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L<Circumflex
anterior interventricular R<Marginal Posterior interventricular |
Marginal>right coronary artery
posterior Anterior>left coronary artery circumflex |
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Anastomoses
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defent against interuption by providing alternate blood pathway/ MI
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Circumflex arteries
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passes around left side of the heart
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coronary sinus
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collects blood from these and smaller veins and empties into right atrium
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Cardiac muscle
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all of the above are true
-are found between myocytes -contain desmosomes -contain fascia adherens -contain gap junctions |
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scarcoplasmic reticulum
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excitation contraction coupling
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terminal cisternae
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ensure rapid Ca delivery
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transverse tubules
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deep invagination of the sarcolema which is plasma membrane of of cardiac
-admit more Ca2+ from ECF during excitation -allow depolarization |
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structure of cardiac muscle
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Short, thick, branched cells, 50 to 100 m long and 10
to 20 m wide with one central nucleus • Sarcoplasmic reticulum – T tubules much larger than in skeletal muscle, admit more Ca2+ from ECF during excitation • Intercalated discs, join myocytes end to end, has three distinct features 1. interdigitating folds - surface area 2. mechanical junctions tightly join myocytes • fascia adherens: actin anchored to plasma membrane • Desmosomes- weblike mechanical junctions, prevents cells form pulling apart 3. electrical junctions - gap junctions form channels allowing ions to flow directly into next cell |
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cardiac conduction
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all of the above are true
-The SA node has the highest inherent rate of depolarizatin -the SA node is the initiator of normal heart beat -the bundle of His conducts impulses down through the interventricular septum -the purkinje fibers release the impulse through the walls of the ventricles |
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CardiacRhythm
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• Systole= contraction;diastole =relaxation
• Sinusrhythm – set by SA node, adult at rest is 70 to 80 bpm • Ectopicfoci - regionof spontaneousfiring (notSA) – nodal rhythm - set by AV node, 40 to 50 bpm – intrinsic ventricular rhythm - 20 to 40 bpm • Arrhythmia - abnormalcardiac rhythm – heart block: failure of conduction system • bundle branch block • total heart block (damage to AV node) |
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cardiac does not include?
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Cacium blocking
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SA node
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-pacemaker
- initiates heartbeat -sets heartbeat 60-100 bpm |
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AV node
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electrical gaeway to ventricles
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Artia
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receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart by way of the great veins
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Ventricles
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pumps the eject blood into the arteries and keep flowing around the body
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interventricular septum
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ventrical wall between the ventricles
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depolarization
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Depolarization begins when:
• the slow Na+ & Ca++ channels open • then concludes (quickly) when the -fast calcium channels open • |
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repolarization
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Repolarization is due to the
outward diffusion of potassium |
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The coronary blood vessels are part of the _____circuit of the circulatory system
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Systemic
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Action potential
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– at threshold -40 mV, fast Ca+2 channels open, (Ca+2 in)
– depolarizing phase to 0 mV, K+ channels open, (K+ out) – repolarizing phase back to -60 mV, K+ channels close |
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• Pwave
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– SA node fires, atrial depolarization
– atrial systole |
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• QRScomplex
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– atrial repolarization and diastole (signal obscured)
– AV node fires, ventricular depolarization – ventricular systole |
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• Twave
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– ventricular repolarization
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Normal sinus rhythm
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P wave followed by QRS complex followed by T wave repeated rhythmically
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Heart block- Arrhythmia
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P waves at even rhythms but not followed by QRS complexes everytime
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V tach
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a jagged up and down line on an EKG
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Nodal rhythm
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An absence of P waves but QRS and T waves present
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idioventricular
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QRS waves present only without T waves or P waves
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Isovolumetic contraction
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• Atria repolarize and
relax • Ventricles depolarize • QRS complex appears in ECG • Ventricles contract • Rising pressure closes AV valves • Heart sound S1 occurs • No ejection of blood yet (no change) |
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Isvolumetric relaxation
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• T wave appears in
ECG • Ventricles repolarize and relax (begin to expand) • Semilunar valves close (dicrotic notch of aortic press. curve) • AV valves remain closed • Ventricles expand but do not fill • Heart sound S2 occurs |
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Atrial systole
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– SA node fires, atria depolarize
– P wave appears on ECG – atria contract, force additional blood into ventricles – ventricles now contain end-diastolic volume (EDVblood in the ventricles at the end of diastole) of about 130 ml of blood |
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Ventricular ejection
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Risingpressure openssemilunar valves
• Rapidejection ofblood • Reducedejection ofblood (lesspressure) • Strokevolume: amountejected ,about 70ml – fraction of the EDV that is ejected (%), used to measure heart efficiency • SV/EDV= ejectionfraction ,at rest~ 54%,during vigorousexercise ashigh as90%, diseasedheart < 50% • End-systolicvolume :amount leftin heart |
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The Frank Starling Law of the heart explaina why the ____ of the left ventricle is the same as that of the right ventricle
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Cardiac output
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Ejection fraction
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= SV/EDV
54% at rest |
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• Strokevolume •
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amountejected ,about 70ml
– fraction of the EDV that is ejected (%), used to measure heart efficiency |
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• End-systolic volume
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-amount left in heart
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End diastolic volume
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EDV blood
in the ventricles at the end of diastole) |
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What is false Sympathetic Nervous System
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it only stimulates the SA node adn not the AV node
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Cardio inhibitory center
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All of the abouve are true statements:
Part of parasympatetic right vagus stimulates the SA node causes acetycholine release main influence on HR |
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What is false?
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if blood pressure increases in the carotid arteries, heart rate increases
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stroke volume?
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if afterload increases-stroke volume decreases
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