A&p Chapter 17, 18, 19

Front 1

RAA

Back 1

Renin Angiotensin aldosterone Mechanism

Front 2

ICF

Back 2

Intercellular- inside the cell 2/3 body fluid

Front 3

ECF

Back 3

Extracellular outside the cell 1/3 the body fluid

Front 4

CSF

Back 4

cerebral spinal fluid in the brain and spinalcord spaces

Front 5

Lymph

Back 5

Lymphatic system

Front 6

ECF is very important related to a balance of?

Back 6

Blood pressure.A lack o fluid causes a decrease in the transfer of nutrients, low b/p and low oxygen delivery. This can cause Hypovolemic shock.

Front 7

how is Hypovolemic shock treated

Back 7

iv isotonic solutions STAT.

Front 8

Too much of ECF can cause what?

Back 8

high b/p leading to a stroke or CHF- Congestive Heart Failure

Front 9

ADH

Back 9

Antidiuretic Hormone

Front 10

ADH tell the body to do what?

Back 10

Abosorb fluid- the more secreted the more fluid is absorbed. The less ADH secreted the lesser amount are aobsorbed.

Front 11

When is ADH released?

Back 11

when low or decreased volume of fluid s detected in the CV system or an increase or decrease of Na in lasma. It regulates the amount of water tht is reabsorbed.

Front 12

an increase of ADH will decrease what?

Back 12

urine Production because more water is big absorbed by the kidneys- THis maintains B/P or increase B\P if it is too low.

Front 13

If you are low on fluid the ADH will do what?

Back 13

the Secretions wil be more thereby the kidneys will not pee off urine in order to keep fluid balanced. ADH primarily controls water reabsorption.

Front 14

ANP

Back 14

Atrial natricuretic peptide- secreted by the right atrium of the heart, telling the kidneys to excrete fluids because of an overload.

Front 15

When is ANP released and why?

Back 15

Its released when the heart detects a fluid overload and knows it will have to pump harder so in an attempt to conserve its work and correct the volume overload ANP promotes kidney excretions dierisis of both soduim and water to lower the excessive fluid volume and B/P

Front 16

normal PH

Back 16

7.35-7.45

Front 17

Normal PaCO2

Back 17

measures the carbon dioxide in arterial blood

35-45

Front 18

HCO3

Back 18

bicarbonate-22-26

Front 19

PAO2

Back 19

80-100% oxygen in arterial blood

Front 20

mild hypoxemia

Back 20

70-79

Front 21

moderate hypoxemia

Back 21

60-69

Front 22

severely hypoxemia

Back 22

below 60

Front 23

respiratory acidosis

Back 23

ph is down / PaCo2 is high

Front 24

Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 24

PH is high/ PaCO2 is low

Front 25

Metabolic Acidosis

Back 25

when both PH and HCO3 are down

Front 26

Metabolic Alkalosis

Back 26

Is when both PH and HCO3 are high

Front 27

Major chemical buffers?

Back 27

Na bicarbonate which is a weak base

Carbonic Acid which is a weak acid.

Front 28

we have how many more times NaHCO3 than H2CO3?

Back 28

20

Front 29

dysphagia

Back 29

is difficulty swallowing

Front 30

dysphasia

Back 30

can not talk

Front 31

Special fluids in the body

Back 31

CSF-CEREBRAL spinal fluid in the brain and spinal cord

GI- gastrointestinal tract

Tears- in the eyes

Lymph- I'm the lymphatic system.

Front 32

Two main system of the body are

Back 32

Nervous system to send and recieve messages and endocrine to release hormones.

Front 33

Carry a charge positive or negative

Back 33

Electrolytes

Front 34

Feedback

Back 34

The relaying of information

Front 35

Body reverses stimuli to regain balance

Back 35

Negative feedback

Front 36

Enhances or intensifies the original stimulus

Back 36

Positive feedback

Front 37

Thrist-drink more or drink less based on volume.

The thirst center is where?

Back 37

Hypothalamus

Front 38

Edema is the most prominent sign of what?

Back 38

ECF excess

Front 39

Obstruction of venous permeability more water lies in the capillary bed instead of going into the veins, increased capillary pressures pressure is too hard and will cause fluids to leak out, external pressure-cast or clothing, inflammatory reactions,

Loss of protein.

Back 39

All causes of edema

Front 40

Edema can be wherein the body?

Back 40

Local-small areas or space

Systematic-throughtout the body and be symptomatic of medical problems

Such as CHF, kidney failure, burns, cancer

Front 41

How is edema treated?

Back 41

By the use of diuretics to increase the excretion of fluids and sodium.

Front 42

Acites

Back 42

Excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavity (abdominal )

Front 43

Anasarca

Back 43

Severe generalized edema

Front 44

Over load is termed EVF

Back 44

Fluid volume excess

Front 45

Dehydration

Back 45

Is loss of water in the body

Front 46

thirst, dry mucous membrane, oliguria (scant urine production) or not sweating. Fluids shift from interstitial spaces to intravascular spaces. If not corrected the tissues and cells dry up and die.

Back 46

IVVD- intravascular volume depletion.

Front 47

Dehydration in the vessels

Back 47

Intravascular dehydration

Front 48

Dehydration of the cells

Back 48

Entercellular

Front 49

Anuriar

Back 49

No urine at all. Kidney fail to excrete it.

Front 50

How do you treat IVVD

Back 50

Oral rehydration or iv fluid recitation

Front 51

Solvent

Back 51

Liquid

Front 52

Solute

Back 52

Solid

Front 53

Solution

Back 53

Is the union of a solvent and a solute

Front 54

Two types of solutes

Back 54

Electrolytes-Na,K,Mgr produce energy when dissolved

Non electrolytes-proteins,glucose,02,C02

Front 55

Water exerts pressure onto wall/vessel that holds it. This is called?

Back 55

Hydrostatic pressure

Front 56

The a,ointment of solutes within the water affects the pressure that it has on the membranes that hold it. This is called?

Back 56

Osmotic pressure

Front 57

Solutions that have equal pressure on both sides of the membrane are called?

Back 57

Isotonic

Front 58

Fluid is too strong too many solutes too much pressure

Back 58

Hypertonic

Front 59

If the fluid is weak less solutes lesser pressure

Back 59

Hypotonic

Front 60

Fluids are measured in?

Back 60

Osmolarity

Front 61

Isotonic fluids have

Back 61

275-295 equal pressure in the vessel that stays there

Front 62

Hypotonic

Back 62

Have less than 250 too weak of a pressure

Front 63

Hypertonic

Back 63

Have more than 375 too strong of a pressure

Front 64

Hypertonic solutions when introduced to the cell will

Back 64

Caused cells to shrink up because it draws fluid out of the cells this is called osmosis

Front 65

Hypotonic solutions will cause cells

Back 65

Swell up and may burst also called osmosis

Front 66

Na and CI often United to form NaCl which is

Back 66

Salt and is isotonic

Front 67

Electrolytes are used for

Back 67

Nerve and muscle functioning

Blood clotting

Coordination of body activities

Front 68

The organs used for electrolytes balance are

Back 68

Kidney

Adrenal gland

Parathyroid gland

Thyroid gland

Front 69

What determines what can enter and exit the membrane

Back 69

Sizing of the opening

Amount of osmotic pressure

Electrical charge

Size of molecule itself

Front 70

Passive transport

Back 70

Doesn't use any energy source

Front 71

Active transport

Back 71

Requires energy it needs assistance when the molecule is to large

Front 72

Random movement of molecules from a high concentration area to an area of lesser concentration. They just spread out. Occurs in liquid and gas. Most important mechanism of transport

Back 72

Diffusion

Front 73

Diffusion of water across semipermeability membrane. Causing cells to shrink or enlarge , this is the pulling pressure

Back 73

Osmosis

Front 74

Transport of water and materials from a higher area to a lower concentration the pushing pressure

Back 74

Filtration

Front 75

Supports the body strength provides framework, gives shape to the body

Back 75

Skeleton support

Front 76

Protects vital organs, protects soft tissues

Back 76

Skeleton protection

Front 77

Locomotion through the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Back 77

Movement of the skeleton

Front 78

Hematopoieis produce what?

Back 78

RBCS

WBCS

PLATELETS

Front 79

Storage of the skeleton

Back 79

Provides calcium

Provides phosphorus

Front 80

Four classifications of the bones

Back 80

Long, short, flat irregular

Front 81

Extended shape, provides body with support and strength, arms legs femur tibia radius

Back 81

Long bones

Front 82

Cubed shaped wrist ankles feet hands

Back 82

Short bones

Front 83

Board surfaces for muscle attachment cranial ribs shoulder blade hips

Back 83

Flat bones

Front 84

Includes small round bones called sesamiod bones kneecap facial, vertebral

Back 84

Irregular

Front 85

How many bones are there

Back 85

206

Front 86

Bursae

Back 86

Small fluid filled sacs, prevent friction

Front 87

Points at which bones attach to one another

Back 87

Joints

Front 88

Tough cords that attack muscle to bone

Back 88

Tendons

Front 89

Attaches bones to cartilage

Back 89

Ligaments

Front 90

Fibrous connective tissue in joints

Back 90

Cartilage

Front 91

Fleshy meat of the body that provides movement

Back 91

Muscle

Front 92

Two types of bone tissues

Back 92

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Front 93

Hard,dense tissue composes the shafts of long bones and outer layers of other bones

Back 93

Compact bones

Front 94

Small bony plates

Back 94

Spongy bone

Front 95

Located in hollow inner spaces of bones

Back 95

Marrow

Front 96

2 types of marrow

Back 96

Red marrow found in long bones, bodies of vertebrae

Yellow marrow flat bones, found in central cavities of long bones is mostly fat

Front 97

Red marrow manufactures RBCS and WBCS and platelets. This is called

Back 97

Hematopoieis

Front 98

We can obtain specimens of red marrow by bone marrow aspirations from

Back 98

iliac crest and the sternum

Front 99

Hard, fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers most of outside bone , contains vessels,supplies the 02 and nutrients to bone cells.

Back 99

Periosteum

Front 100

Diaphysis

Back 100

Is the shaft of long bones is hard and compact

Front 101

Epiphysis

Back 101

End of long bones, sponge like, covered by a shell of harder bone

Front 102

Diaphysis and epiphysis don't fuse until

Back 102

Fully grown

Front 103

Where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet, this area is composed of cartilage on the diaphysis side

Back 103

Epiphyseal growth plate

Front 104

Bone cells are called what

Back 104

Osteocytes

Front 105

Ages 16 to 25 all cartilage of the epiphyseal disc is replaced by

Back 105

Bone. You will not grow any taller

Front 106

Bone markings- facets

Back 106

Smooth area of the bones.

Spinal column are the location for articulation with ribs

Front 107

Bone markings-condyle

Back 107

Large rounded projections usually for articulation with another bone. Such as what is formed at the of long bones.

Front 108

Large elevated knob like projections where muscles attach

Back 108

Tuberosity

Front 109

Any projection of bone

Back 109

Bony process

Front 110

Holes through which vessel,ligaments and nerves pass is called

Back 110

A foreman

Front 111

Where vessels and nerves pass

Back 111

Transverse foramen

Front 112

Where the spinal cord passes

Back 112

Vertebrae foramen

Front 113

Spongy like air spaces in bones allow for less weight weight of bone example head and face

Back 113

Sinuses

Front 114

Articulations

Points at which bones attach to eachother

Makes 100s of motions possible because of the way bones are attached

Back 114

Joints

Front 115

Two types of joints

Back 115

Syarthoroses

Amphiarthorosis

Front 116

Fixed fibrous, immovable, facial bones, skull bones

Back 116

Syarthoroses joint

Front 117

Slightly movable, very limited movement vertebral column and symphysis pubis

Back 117

Amphiarthorosis joint

Front 118

Inflammation of bursae

Back 118

Bursitis

Front 119

Connective tissue organized into system of fibers, provides a slick surface ditch rotation, absorbs shock

Back 119

Cartilage

Front 120

Divisions of the skeleton

Back 120

Axial skeleton the center or axis of body

Skeletal vertebral column and thoracic column

Front 121

Thin fibrous membranes that unite bones of skull

Back 121

Sutures

Front 122

Tongue connected in the neck under the jaw

Back 122

Hyoid

Front 123

Permits the skull of an infant to overlap to allow for delivery and head growth

Back 123

Fontanels

Front 124

Largest closes at age 12 to 18 months of age.between the junction of the two parietal bones and the frontal bone.

Back 124

Anterior frontal

Front 125

Cranial and facial bones give the face it's

Back 125

Shape

Front 126

Closes at2months months of age and is the junction of the parietal bones and the occipital bone

Back 126

Posterior fontanel

Front 127

Cervical vertebrae

Back 127

C1-C7 make up the neck

C1-atlas-supports skull

C2-axis-allows for movement of head

Front 128

Thoracic vertebrae

Back 128

T1-T12 make up the upper body where the ribs attach

Front 129

Lumbar vertebrae

Back 129

L1-L5 MAKE UP THE SMALL OF THE BACK

Front 130

Sacral vertebrae

Back 130

Solid bone of the spinal bone that anchors the pelvis. Children have 5 vertebrae to fuse to create the sacrum

Front 131

Coccyx

Back 131

Need the spinal column called the tailbone. Children have 4 vertebrae that fuse.

Front 132

Thunder plates of cartilage that separate vertebrae from one another. They act as a shock absorber for walking, running, jumping, and falling.

Back 132

Intervertebral disks

Front 133

Normal spine has 4 curves to help the body

Back 133

Cervical curve - forward

Thoracic curve - back

Lumbar curve- forward

Sacral curve-back

Front 134

Humpback Abnormal forward curvature

Back 134

Kyphosis

Front 135

Sway back abnormal backward curvature

Back 135

Lordosis

Front 136

Snake like some s shape abnormal lateral curvature

Back 136

Scoliosis

Front 137

Four pairs of sinuses in the cranial bones,

They make the skull lighter and enhance vocal sound

Back 137

Frontal-2

Ethmoid-2

Sphenoid-2

Maxillary-2

=8

These sinuses drain into the nasal cavity

Front 138

Sponge like air spaces within the bone

Back 138

Sinus

Front 139

Children have how many bones in the vertebral column

Back 139

33-34 fusion occurs later during growth and development

Front 140

Adults have how many bones in the vertebral column

Back 140

26

Front 141

Projections that attach to the muscle that bend the spinal column

Back 141

Transverse process and spinous process

Front 142

Formed by 12 pairs of flat narrow bones called ribs 12 pairs on each side attached to spine, protects the heart, lungs and great vessels

Back 142

Thorax cavity

Front 143

The 1st to 7 rib are the

Back 143

True ribs

Front 144

Attached posteriorly to the thoracic spine and anteriorly to the sternum ribs 8,9,10 are called

Back 144

The false ribs

Front 145

Ribs 11 and 12 are called

Back 145

Floating ribs

Front 146

Upper portion of thorax, flat sword like shaped, made up of 3 sections

Back 146

The sternum

Front 147

Muscle characteristics include

Back 147

Contractility-shorten and become THICKER

extensibility- ability to stretch

elasticity- the ability to return to normal length after stretching

Irritability- the ability to respond to stimuli

Front 148

Muscles work in pairs when one contracts the other

Back 148

Relaxes.

Front 149

Includes the brain and spinal cord

Back 149

Central nervous system cns

Front 150

Carry messages to and from spinal cord

Back 150

Spinal nerves

Front 151

Involuntary--certain peripheral nerves with special functions, deals with activities that are automatic. Carries impulses from the cns to glands, Involuntary or smooth muscles found in walls of rubes and hollow organs such as the heart lungs and stomach

Back 151

Autonomic nervous system

Front 152

Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Back 152

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Front 153

Produces responses that prepare q person for the fight or flight response. Gets the body ready for extremes Stress and danger

Back 153

Sympathetic

Front 154

Normal functions of the body while at rest or not under any stress or danger

Back 154

Parasympathetic

Front 155

Thread like projections of the cytoplasm a called

Back 155

Nerve fibers

Front 156

Bring impulses to the cell

Back 156

Dendrites

Front 157

Conduct impulses away from the cell

Back 157

Axons

Front 158

Receives messages from all parts of the body and transmit them to the cns

Back 158

Sensory or afferent neuron

Front 159

Transit messages from the cns to all parts of the body, to alter muscle activity or cause glands to secrete

Back 159

Motor or efferent

Front 160

Do both sensory and motor

Back 160

Mixed nerves

Front 161

Special structures where a stimulus is initially received

Back 161

Receptors

Front 162

Are related you the external environment involved in touch, cutaneous or skin pain.

Back 162

Exterocepters

Front 163

Carry sensations of position and balance or movement of the body in space

Back 163

Proprioceptors

Front 164

Related to the body's internal environment respond to change in the visceral organs- in the stomach, Thrist, hunger, pain

Back 164

Interoceptors

Front 165

Muscle glands that carries out a response to stimulus

Back 165

Effectors

Front 166

Point of junction from transmission of nerve impulses between the axon of one neuron and Dentrite of another neuron.

Back 166

Synapse

Front 167

Chemical substances released from nerve fibers endings that enable impulses to leap the synaptic junction- released by axon only

Back 167

Neurotransmitters

Front 168

Epinephrine or adrenalin

Norepinephrine or noradrenalin-released in the brain

Acetylcholine-realeased at the junction of nerves of Skeletal muscles

Back 168

Main neurotransmitters

Front 169

Dopamine

Serotonin

Back 169

Chemical neurotransmitters

Front 170

All or none law of nerve tissue

Back 170

A nerve impulses is either transmitted across a particular synapse or not at all

Front 171

Some axons in the cns, possibly are covered with a fatty insulating material. This is called?

Back 171

Melvin shealth

Front 172

Axons covered with melyin are called

Back 172

White fibers

Front 173

White fibers are found in the white matter of the Brain and spinal cord injury nerve trunks in all parts of the body. Fibers covered with melyin are conduct impulses

Back 173

Faster

Front 174

Myelin ates axons of the pns are covered with a thin outer shealth called? It aids in the repair of damaged nerve fibers.

Back 174

Neurolemma

Front 175

If a neuron itself or the nucleus is destroyed it will never be

Back 175

Replaced

Front 176

If a neuron is injury it may

Back 176

Repair itself however it is a slow process.

Front 177

Cell bodies of gray matter are not cover with?

Back 177

Myelin

Front 178

Automatic movement of involuntary response to a particular stimulus, eye blink, knee-jerk,

Back 178

Reflex

Front 179

The stimulus enters and leaves at the same level of the spinal cord and does not. React the brain this pathway is called?

Back 179

Reflex arc

Front 180

Divided into 3 main parts cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum. Weight about 3lb in the adult male

Back 180

Brain

Front 181

Largest part of the Brain

Back 181

Cerebrum

Front 182

The cerebrum is divided into a right and left hemispheres by a deep Groove called?

Back 182

Longitudinal fissure

Front 183

Outside or surface of cerebrum made of gray matter mostly nerve cells. Has many wrinkles and folds.

Back 183

Cerebral cortex

Front 184

Gyri (gyrus) singular

Back 184

Means folds

Front 185

Sulci -sulcus(singular)

Back 185

Means shallow grooves between the folds

Front 186

The cerebrum is divided into how many lobes?

Back 186

4

Front 187

Larger in humans,contains motor cortex, which directs actions L side of the Brain controls R side of the body. Contains areas important to speech

Back 187

Frontal lobe

Front 188

Contains sensory area--impulses from skin are interpretation. Also determines distance, sizes and shapes

Back 188

Parietal lobe

Front 189

Contains auditory center relieves and interprets impulses from the ear

Back 189

Temporal lobe

Front 190

Visual area, interprets from the retina of the eye.

Back 190

Occipital lobe

Front 191

Thinking

Memory

Consciousness

Judgement

Emotions

Back 191

All cerebral activity

Front 192

Relates more to symbols, and words science and complex math

Back 192

Left brain hemispheres

Front 193

Visualizes things in picture form and Is more involved in music and art, athletics

Back 193

Right brain hemisphere

Front 194

Includes mid brain, pons, medulla.

Connects cerebrum with spinal cord

Back 194

Brainstem

Front 195

Located at top of brainstem, just below center of cerebrum. Acts as a relay center for the eye and ear reflexes. Conducts impulses between cerebrum, pons, medulla, cerebellum, and spinal cord.

Cranial nerves 111 and 1V originate here

Back 195

Midbrain

Front 196

Means bridge carries messages between cerebrum and medulla.

Connects cerebellum with brain stem. Some reflex actions like regulating respirations are integrated here. V- VIII cranial nerves are here.

Back 196

Pons

Front 197

Lies below pons, between pons, and spinal cord, rest on the skulls floor

Back 197

Medulla obolongata

Front 198

Medulla obolongata contains vital centers like

Back 198

Respiratory center

Cardiac center

Vasomotor center

Also concerned with reflexes like coughing,sneezing, laughing cranial nerves IX THRU XII

Front 199

Second largest part of the Brain. Functions include coordination of vol muscles maintain balance and maintain muscle tone

Back 199

Cerebellum

Front 200

Interbank can only be seen by cutting into central part of brain area between cerebral hemisphere and brain stem includes thalamus and hypothalamus

Back 200

Diecephalon

Front 201

Is a relay station for nerve stimuli. It sorts out impulses and directs them to particular areas of the cerebral cortex.

Back 201

Thalamus

Front 202

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland are under control of it. Helps control water balance sleep and appetite, emotions like fear and pleasure.influeences heartbeat, contraction, and relaxation of walls of blood vessels,hormones secretion.

Back 202

Hypothalamus