A&p Ch. 9

Front 1

Define articulation.

Back 1

place where 2 bones come together. Some of these articulations are movable but some are not

Front 2

What are the three main types of joints?

Back 2

fibrous;cartilaginous;synovial

Front 3

Describe fibrous joints.

Back 3

no synovial cavity, held together by fibrous connective tissue, immovable; ex) sutures (skull), gomphoses (teeth)

Front 4

Describe cartilaginous joints.

Back 4

no synovial cavity, held together by hyaline/fibrous cartilage, slightly movable; ex) pubic symphysis

Front 5

Describe synovial joints.

Back 5

synovial cavity and fluid; freely movable: ex) elbow, hip, knee.

Front 6

Define symphysis.

Back 6

a slightly movable joint where fibrocartilage unites the 2 bones. Ex) the pubic symphysis

Front 7

Define synchondrosis.

Back 7

epiphyseal plates of long bones are temporary joints made of hyaline cart; permanent synchondrosis = between ribs and sternum

Front 8

Describe the structure of synovial joints.

Back 8

has a space (synovial cavity) between articulating bones; articular cartilage covering the bones; the whole this in encapluseate by the the articular (fibrous) capsule, composed of two parts: outer fibrous membrane and inner synovial membrane

Front 9

Describe fibrous membrane.

Back 9

superficial connective tissue that attaches to periosteum of the articulating bones; also called ligaments (bundle of fibers connecting bone to bone)

Front 10

Describe synovial membrane.

Back 10

inner portion of the articular capsule that secretes synovial fluid; thick when no movement; thins out with joint movement; functions: decreases friction, absorbs shock, supply oxygen and nutrients to the avascular articular cartilage, phagocytic cells that remove debris from the area. With over usage and stress on the joint; there may be an increase in the production of the synovial fluid = water on the knee is a possibility. This may need to be removed.

Front 11

Define Bursa.

Back 11

saclike, fluid filled structures strategically situated (btw bones and skin, tendons, ligaments, muscles) to alleviate frictions in some joints such as the shoulder or knee joints; an inflamed bursa is called bursitis.

Front 12

Define Meniscus.

Back 12

pads of fibrocartilage found within some joints.

Front 13

List the 6 types of synovial joints.

Back 13

plane(gliding); saddle; hinge; pivot; ball&socket; ellipsoid(condyloid)

Front 14

Describe Plane Joints and give examples.

Back 14

back and forth movement between the flat surface of bones, close proximity, same plane. Ex) carpals/tarsals; vertebraes, acromioclavicular joints.

Front 15

Describe Saddle Joints and give examples.

Back 15

rocks back and forth, one bone is saddle shaped and the fits into the saddle Ex) base metacarpal 1 and trapezium

Front 16

Describe Hinge Joints and give examples.

Back 16

like a door hinge that swings, motion around a single axis Ex) elbow (distal humerous and proximal ulna); anterior knee (distal femur; proximal tibia)

Front 17

Describe Pivot Joints and give examples.

Back 17

one bone rotates around another; ex) vertebral atlas and axis; proximal ulna and proximal radius w/ ligament

Front 18

Describe Ball-and-Socket Joints and give examples.

Back 18

ball like surface fitting into a cuplike depression; greatest range of movement. Ex) humoral head and glenoid cavity; femoral head and acetabulum

Front 19

Describe Condyloid (elliposoidal) Joints and give examples.

Back 19

convex oval-shaped projection into an oval-shaped depression of another Ex) knuckles (head of metacarpal and base of phalanx); posterior knee (distal femur; proximal tibia)

Front 20

Describe Syn. Joint Elevation.

Back 20

upward movement of body part (mandible or shoulders)

Front 21

Describe Syn. Joint Depression.

Back 21

downward movement of body part (mandible or shoulders)

Front 22

Describe Syn. Joint Protraction.

Back 22

forward movement of body part (jutting out)

Front 23

Describe Syn. Joint Retraction.

Back 23

backward movement of body part (pulling in)

Front 24

Describe Syn. Joint Inversion.

Back 24

movement of sole inward (ankle roll out)

Front 25

Describe Syn. Joint Eversion.

Back 25

movement of sole outward (knock kneed ankle)

Front 26

Describe Syn. Joint Dorsiflexion.

Back 26

toe to the sky

Front 27

Describe Syn. Joint Plantarflexion.

Back 27

toe pointing to the ground

Front 28

Describe Syn. Joint Supination.

Back 28

movement of forearm so palm faces up (anatomical position)

Front 29

Describe Syn. Joint Pronation.

Back 29

movement of forearm so palm faces down

Front 30

Describe Syn. Joint Adduction.

Back 30

movement towards the midline

Front 31

Describe Syn. Joint Abduction.

Back 31

movement away from the midline

Front 32

Describe Syn. Joint Flexion.

Back 32

decrease the angle between two bones

Front 33

Describe Syn. Joint Extension.

Back 33

increase the angle between two bones

Front 34

Describe Syn. Joint Hyperextension.

Back 34

beyond praphysiological space. Ex) whiplash

Front 35

Describe opposition.

Back 35

first finger to thumb

Front 36

Describe Gliding.

Back 36

top of hand; left to right.

Front 37

Define arthritis.

Back 37

inflammation of joints; 3 common types - RA; Osteo; Gouty

Front 38

Describe Rheumatoid arthritis.

Back 38

autoimmune; attacks cartilage and syn membranes; joint inflammation; pain; swelling; if not treated syn membranes become thicker

Front 39

Describe Osteoarthritis.

Back 39

degenerative joint disease which is much more common than R.A; onset with aging; is deterioration of the articular cartilage but no synovial membrane involvement; inflammation; pain and decrease in the use of the joint

Front 40

Describe Gouty Arthritis.

Back 40

metabolic disease; producing too much uric acid which build up in the blood form salt crystals that deposit in the joints; causing pain and decrease in motion; fusion of bone that wears at cartilage; usually in men w/ family history; big toe.

Front 41

Define pannus.

Back 41

abnormal growth of tissue formed by the inflamed synovial membrane; may grow large enough to distort the joints. Destruction of the cartilage leading to the bones within the joint ossifying together