A&p Ch. 8

Front 1

articulation

Back 1

site where two or more bones meet

Front 2

Functions of joints

Back 2

give skeleton mobiLity and hold skeleton together

Front 3

Synarthroses

Back 3

immovable joint

Front 4

amphiarthroses

Back 4

slightly moveable joint

Front 5

diarthrosis

Back 5

freely moveable joint

Front 6

No joint cavity. either synarthrotic or amohiarthrotic.

Back 6

Fibrous and cartilaginous joints

Front 7

have a joint cavity. all diarthrotic

Back 7

synovial joints

Front 8

Three types of fibrous joints

Back 8

Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.

Front 9

Sutures

Back 9

Rigid interlocking joints, immovable joints for protection of brain, contain short connective Tissue fibers, allow for growth during youth. In middle age, suture ossify and fuse. called synostoses

Front 10

Syndesmoses

Back 10

Bones connected by ligaments bands of fibrous tissue. fiber length varies so movement varies. little to no movement at distal tibiofibular joint. large amount of movement at interosseous membrane connecting radius and ulna

Front 11

Two types of cartilagious joints

Back 11

synchondroses and symphyses

Front 12

6 distinguishing features of Synovial Joints

Back 12

Articular cartilage, joint synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, different types of reinforcing ligaments, and nerves and blood vessels.

Front 13

capsular reinforcing ligaments

Back 13

Dense irregular thickened part of fibrous layer

Front 14

extrascapular reinforcing ligaments

Back 14

outside the capsule ligament and or tendon

Front 15

intrascapular reinforcing ligaments

Back 15

deep to capsule covered by synovial membrane areolar connective

Front 16

bursae

Back 16

ball bearing sacks lined with synovial membrane contains synovial fluid reduced friction wear ligaments muscles skin tendons or bone rub together

Front 17

tendon sheath

Back 17

elongated bursa wrapped completely around tendon subjected to friction

Front 18

origin

Back 18

Attachment to immovable bone

Front 19

insertion

Back 19

Attachment to movable bone

Front 20

nonaxial

Back 20

Slipping movements only

Front 21

uniaxial

Back 21

Movement in one plane

Front 22

biaxial

Back 22

Movement in two planes

Front 23

multiaxial

Back 23

Movement in or around all three planes

Front 24

flexion

Back 24

Decrease the angle of the joint move toward the origin

Front 25

Extension

Back 25

Increase the angle of the joint move away from the origin

Front 26

abduction

Back 26

Movement away from midline

Front 27

adduction

Back 27

Movement toward the midline

Front 28

circumduction

Back 28

Involves flexion abduction extension and adduction of limb. Limb describes a cone in space

Front 29

dorsiflexion

Back 29

point toes up

Front 30

plantar flexion

Back 30

point toes down

Front 31

six types based on shape and articular surfaces

Back 31

plane hinge pivot condylar saddle ball and socket

Front 32

plane

Back 32

nonaxial ex. carpals

Front 33

hinge

Back 33

uniaxial ex. elbow interolphyalangeal

Front 34

pivot

Back 34

uniaxial ex. proximal radioulnar joints atlantoaxial joint

Front 35

condylar

Back 35

biaxial ex. knuckle joints

Front 36

saddle

Back 36

biaxial ex. carpometacarpal joints of thumbs.

Front 37

ball and socket

Back 37

multiaxial ex. shoulder and hip

Front 38

osteoarthritis

Back 38

Common irreversible degenerative wear and tear arthritis. may reflect excessive release of enzymes that breakdown articular cartilage. by 85 of Americans develop more women than men probably related to normal aging process

Front 39

osteoarthritis

Back 39

More cartilage is destroyed than replaced in badly aligned or overworked joint. Exposed bone ends thicken enlarge form bone spurs and restrict movement.

Front 40

treatment for osteoarthritis

Back 40

glucosamine chondroitin sulfate and nutritional supplements

Front 41

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 41

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of unknown calls immune system attacks own cells usually arises between ages 40 and 50 but may occur at any age affects 3 times as many women as men. Signs and symptoms include joint pain and swelling anemia osteoporosis muscle weakness and cardiovascular problems

Front 42

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 42

RA begins with synovitis (inflammation of the synovial joints in had) inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissue. Synovial fluid accumulates joint swelling and inflamed synovial membrane which thickens pannus that clings to articular cartilage. pannus erodes cartilage scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis loss of joint dislocation)

Front 43

Rheumatoid arthritis treatment

Back 43

Disrupt destruction of joints by immune system steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease pain and inflammation immune suppressant slow autoimmune reaction some agents target tumor necrosis factor to block action of inflammatory chemicals can replace joint with prosthesis

Front 44

gouty arthritis

Back 44

Definition of uric acid crystals in the joints and soft tissues followed by inflammation. More common in men. Typically effects joint at base of great toe in untreated gouty arthritis bone ins used and immobilize joint.

Front 45

gouty arthritis treatment

Back 45

Drugs plenty of water avoidance of alcohol

Front 46

Lyme disease

Back 46

Caused by bacteria transmitted by tick bites symptoms skin rash flu like symptoms foggy thinking may lead to joint pain and arthritis

Front 47

treatment for Lyme disease

Back 47

Long course of antibiotics