Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Matter
|
anything that has mass and occupies space
|
|
|
Atoms
|
the smallest stable units of matter, composed of 3 subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons)
|
|
|
Protons
|
(p+): positively charged particle, in nucleus
|
|
|
Neutrons
|
(n0): uncharged particle, in nucleus
|
|
|
Electrons
|
(e): negatively charged particle; orbits nucleus because they’re attracted to protons
|
|
|
Element
|
substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions
|
|
|
Which four elements make up 96% of the body?
|
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
|
|
|
What are the important trace elements found in the body?
|
iodine, copper
|
|
|
Molecule
|
2 or more atoms held by a chemical bond
|
|
|
Compound
|
2 or more molecules composed of different elements
|
|
|
What's the definition of enzyme?
|
speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy required
|
|
|
Ten most abundant elements in the body?
|
O, C, H, N, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl, K, Na
|
|
|
Metabolism
|
The sum of all chemical processes in the body. Two phases: 1) catabolism - breakdown 2) anabolism - build up
|
|
|
What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
|
amino acids joined by peptide bonds
|
|
|
Oxygen
|
(O) - necessary for the production of cellular respiration
|
|
|
What's the between an essential and non-essential amino acid?
|
8 are non-essential = supplied
2 are essential = get from diet |
|
|
Carbon
|
(C) - backbone of all organic molecules (like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)
|
|
|
What's the formula for glucose?
|
C6 H12 O6
|
|
|
Hydrogen
|
(H) - found in most organic compounds & energy transfers
|
|
|
What's the primary source of cellular respiration?
|
Glucose
|
|
|
Nitrogen
|
(N) - component of all proteins and nucleic acids
|
|
|
What would have a greasy oil consistency?
|
Lipid
|
|
|
Calcium
|
(Ca) - structure of bone/teeth, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, blood clotting
|
|
|
Magnesium
|
(Mg) - need in blood, metabolic reactions, activates enzymes
|
|
|
Iron
|
(Fe) - component of hemoglobin
|
|
|
Chlorine
|
(Cl) - (- charged) major electrolyte, aids in water balance
|
|
|
Potassium
|
(K) - (+ charged), major electrolyte, maintenance of pH and osmotic balance necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
|
|
|
Sodium
|
(Na) - major electrolyte, important in fluid balance, necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
|
|
|
Atomic Number
|
# of protons in the nucleus.
|
|
|
Atomic Mass
|
# of protons + neutrons in the nucleus.
|
|
|
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
|
mass of a single proton or a single neutron.
|
|
|
Periodic Table
|
chart of the elements arranged in order by atomic number
|
|
|
Isotopes
|
atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons
|
|
|
Radioisotopes
|
isotopes that emit radiation when they decay
|
|
|
Describe energy levels.
|
1st shell can hold only 2 electrons; 2nd shell can hold 8 electrons; 3rd shell can hold 18 electrons; Outer-level filled: non-reactive, inert / Outer-level unfilled: reactive, H+ is most reactive
|
|
|
Chemical Bond
|
a region that forms when electrons from different atoms interact with each other; the electrons that participate in chemical bonds are the valence electrons, found in the outermost shell
|
|
|
Types of Chemical Bonds?
|
Covalent & Ionic
|
|
|
Covelant Bond
|
Strong bond - Two atoms share the outermost electrons thus filling the valence.
Non Polar - Shared equally Polar - Shared unequally, causes partial positive and partial negative charge |
|
|
Ionic Bond
|
Weak bond – electrons are given away or taken. In the formation of an ionic bond:
One atom (the electron donor) loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation, with a positive (+) charge. o Another atom (the electron acceptor) gains those same electrons and becomes an anion, with a negative (-) charge. |
|
|
Ion
|
atoms, molecules that carry an electric charge, either + or --
Protons – value of charge, +1 Electrons – value of charge, -1 # of protons = # of electrons, an atom is electrically neutral |
|
|
Organic Compound
|
No Carbon or Hydrogen in the primary structure. 4 Major in the body: Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Water, Acids/bases/salts
|
|
|
Carbon Dioxide
|
by-product of cell metabolism
|
|
|
Oxygen
|
gas required for metabolic function
|
|
|
Water
|
70% of total body weight, 85% in brain cells, 20% in bones
|
|
|
Hydrophilic
|
water loving
|
|
|
Hydrophobic
|
water fearing
|
|
|
Cohesion
|
when water molecules stick to each other
|
|
|
Adhesion
|
ability to stick to many other kinds of substances
|
|
|
Capillary Action
|
the tendency of water to move in narrow tubes, even against the force of gravity ex) blood
|
|
|
Surface Tension
|
phenomenon at the surface of a liquid caused by intermolecular forces ex) dew
|
|
|
Difference between potential and kinetic energy?
|
Potential: resting energy
Kinetic: energy of motion |
|
|
Define heat.
|
total amount of kinetic energy
|
|
|
Define temperature.
|
a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles
|
|
|
Define heat of vaporization.
|
the amount of heat energy required to change 1 g of a substance from the liquid phase to the vapor phase
|
|
|
What is a calorie?
|
amount of heat energy (4.184 j) required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree c.
|
|
|
Define specific heat.
|
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of water. Spec. Heat of H2O is 1 cal/g of water per degree Celsius.
|
|
|
What are acids, bases and salts?
|
compounds held together partially or completely by ionic bonds
|
|
|
Define ionize.
|
is the potential of water to dissociate into hydrogen ions (H+) and Hydroxide ions (OH-)
|
|
|
Define acid.
|
a substance that dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen ions (H+) and an anion. (proton donor)
|
|
|
Define base.
|
commonly a substance that dissociates to yield a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a cation when dissolved in water. (proton acceptor)
|
|
|
Define electrolytes.
|
ions that conduct electrical current (Na, K, Mg)
|
|
|
What is pH, it's range, and how do you distinguish an acid from a base?
|
pH - the degree of a solution’s acidity on a scale from 0 to 14
(pH=7), acidic (pH= 1-7), basic (pH= 7-14) |
|
|
What are buffers?
|
a substance or combo of substances that resists changes in pH when an acid/base is added. A common buffer is citric acid.
|
|
|
What happens when a strong acid and a strong base come in contact?
|
strong acid + strong base = salt + water)
|
|
|
What are organic compounds and give examples.
|
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
|
|
|
Functions of carbohydrates?
|
source of energy (metabolic processes)
|
|
|
Define starch.
|
typical form of carb used for energy storage in plants
|
|
|
Define cellular respiration
|
its what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy.
|
|
|
Why is glucose so important?
|
It’s the starting material in cellular respiration.
|
|
|
Describe cellular respiration.
|
see notes pg. 6
|
|
|
Functions of lipids?
|
structure, protection, energy reserves
|
|
|
Classes of Lipids?
|
Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, carotenoids, steroid lipids, prostaglandins
|
|
|
Define lipid.
|
water insoluble; soluble in ether & chloroform; fats (solid), oils (liquid) waxes (hard solid); consisting mainly of C and H)
|
|
|
Who types of fatty acids?
|
Saturated - contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms; Unsaturated - not fully saturated with Hyd.
|
|
|
Define triglycerides.
|
the main storage form of fat in organisms, consists of a molecule of glycerol combined with three fatty acids; Type: glyercol
|
|
|
Define phospholipids.
|
structural components of cell membranes.
|
|
|
Define caroteniods.
|
orange and yellow plant pigments which are insoluble in water and have an oily consistency. Note: most animals convert carotenoids to vitamin A, which can then be converted to retinal, visual pigment.
|
|
|
Define steriod lipids.
|
Cholesterol, bile salts, and certain hormones are important steroids.
|
|
|
Define prostoglandins.
|
lipids that promote inflammation and smooth muscle contraction
|
|
|
Functions of protiens?
|
structural support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination, defense
|
|
|
What are Enzymes?
|
catalysts that speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy required.
|
|
|
Difference between essential and non essential amino acids?
|
essential = get from diet
non-essential = supplied |
|
|
What is a peptide bond?
|
the covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond linking two amino acids toghether
|
|
|
What is a polypeptide?
|
a chain a amino acids
|
|
|
Define Nucleic Acid.
|
they transmit heredity information and determine what proteins a cell manufactures
|
|
|
Two types of nucleic Acids?
|
DNA
RNA |
|
|
Describe DNA
|
comprises the genes, the heredity material of the cell, and contains instructions for making all the proteins, double stranded
|
|
|
Describe RNA
|
function mainly in protein synthesis, transfers genetic code out to the ribosome
|
|
|
What is a nucleotide?
|
molecule consisting o one or more phosphate groups, 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine)
|
|
|
What are the pyrimidine bases?
|
CTU
|
|
|
What are the purine bases?
|
AG
|
