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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What limits population growth in an environment? |
Resources (land, food, water), disease, natural disasters, and predators are limits. |
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What is genetic drift? |
Random chance that allows for genotypes in a small population to vary in frequency. Some genes will disappear as individuals die or do not reproduce. |
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What are factors that can change an allele frequency in a population? |
Genetic Drift Selection (different types) Gene Flow Density- Independent/Dependent Factors Mutations |
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Which type of limiting factors are reliable population control methods? |
Density dependent ones; resources, predators, and disease. |
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Identify graphs of stabilizing, disruptive, and directional selection. |
Directional - shift towards one phenotype Disruptive - extreme to both sides of phenotype Stabilizing - narrow, towards center (heterozygous) |
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How can a lack of genetic diversity harm a population? |
The lack can cause population to be susceptible to disease. |
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What are the differences between K and R strategists? |
K- long life, slow growth, stable environments, predators R- short life, little parenting, rapid growth, boom bust cycle (usually) |
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Compare and contrast the Founder Effect and Bottleneck Effect |
Similar- small populations, usually tie to genetic drift, loss of genetic diversity, allele frequencies different from usualDifferent- Founder: immigrants somewhere new little breaks off. Bottleneck Effect: natural disaster large population dies little survives |
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What are 5 conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? |
Very large population, no migration, no mutation, random mating, no selection |
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How are intrasexual and interselection different? |
Intra- males are competing Inter- females are picky |
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How does the taxonomic classification system work? |
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. Organisms become more similar as you get to Species. |
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What is an analogous structure? What are homologous structures? |
Analogous - Structural similarities from convergent evolution. Homologous - They are similar structures shared by organisms with common ancestors. |
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What is used now to help scientists with cladistics and phylogeny? |
BLAST: used to analyze genes and molecular information. |
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What is behavioral isolation? |
Courtship rituals and other behaviors that isolate species from reproducing. |
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What is allopatric speciation? What is sympatric speciation? |
Allopatric - Gene flow interrupted or reduced when population is divided by geographic barrier. Populations are isolated. Sympatric - Speciation taking place in geographically overlapping populations. They are in the same area and something else is forcing speciation. |
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What are Hox genes? |
Class of homeotic genes that produce positional information during development, to determine limbs and appendages. |
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What is the difference between mechanical and gametic isolation? |
Mechanical - they cannot physically mate Gametic - they can mate but the eggs and sperms won't combine |
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What are the factors that drive allopatric speciation? What are factors that drive sympatric speciation? |
Allopatric - Restrictive of gene flow by geographic isolation. |
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What did Miller-Urey experiment help prove? |
Abiotic processes could synthesize organic molecules in oxygen free atmosphere. |
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What is the endosymbiosis theory, and what is the evidence scientists use to support it? |
Mitochondria in chloroplasts used to be bacteria invaded cells to form eukaryotes. Evidence is that there are similar membranes to prokaryotes. They transcribe and translate their own DNA. Ribosomes function like prokaryotes. |
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Know the general structures of the 4 monomers for the main types of biomolecules. |
nucleotide (nucleic acids), monosaccharide (carbs, glucose), amino acid (protein), triglyceride (lipids) |
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What environmental factors affect enzyme activity? How do they affect the enzymes? |
Temperature and pH. Low temperatures slow down enzymes, too high temperatures break them down. Too low or too high pH will destroy the enzymes. |
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How can enzyme reaction rates be measured? |
Tracking rate of product formation or substrate disappearance. |
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What is ATP, and how does it give cells energy? |
Adenosine triphosphate - it is cell’s energy molecule Gives energy by giving off one of its phosphate groups |
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What is produced when polymers are created? What is this process called? |
Water is produced - the process is called dehydration synthesis |
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What are the digestive enzymes for each of the biomolecules? |
Carbohydrates - amylase, Proteins - protease, Lipids - lipase |
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Why is the catalase enzyme important to life? |
Hydrogen peroxide is poisonous, without catalase our blood would become poisonous. |
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What are the 4 equations needed to calculate pH? |
pH = -log[H] [H] = 10-pH pH + pOH = 14 [H] x [OH] = 10-14 |
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What are the properties of water that are essential to life on Earth? |
High specific heat capacity (moderates temperatures on Earth), Polar molecule (makes it a good solvent), Low solid density (ice floats), Cohesion - (water can move up plant roots against gravity) |
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What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibition? |
Competitive - inhibitor binds to the active site and block the substrate Non competitive - inhibitor binds somewhere else and changes the enzyme's shape |
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What are the functions of a chloroplast, nucleus, ribosome, and mitochondria? |
Chloroplast - site of photosynthesis, found in plants and algae Nucleus - contains cell genes, DNA Ribosome - Complexes of ribosomal RNA, carry out protein synthesis Mitochondria - site of cellular respiration to generate ATP |
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What is the importance of surface area to volume ration for your cells? |
The larger the ratio, the easier for diffusion to reach all parts of the cell |
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Compare and contrast properties of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. |
Differences - eukaryotic: DNA in nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm in region, much larger prokaryotic: bacteria, no nucleus, DNA in nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm bound by membrane Similarities - plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, chromosomes, semifluid substance called cytosol |
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What is the role of lysosomes, and how do they do their job? |
They are membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules. They do this with hydrolytic enzymes. |
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What portion of the cell membrane likes water? What portion dislikes water? |
Hydrophillic heads are the outer layer that like water. The hydrophobic tails are the center that dislike water. |
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What structures in the cell membrane help transport molecules across the membrane? |
proteins |
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What are the types of passive transport? What drives the movement of molecules to passive transport? |
Facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and simple diffusion. They are driven by a concentration gradient. |
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How do animal cells react to hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions? |
Hypotonic - swell, cell gains water Isotonic - stays the same Hypertonic - shrivel, cell loses water |
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What is used to drive active transport? |
ATP |
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What are the 3 types of endocytosis? What is the purpose of each of them? |
phagocytosis - cellular eating pinocytosis - cellular drinking receptor-mediated endocytosis - large bundle of molecules |
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What element is reduced in cellular respiration? What is oxidized? |
O2 is reduced (added). Glucose is oxidized (broken down). |
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How can you tell if a molecule is reduced? How can you tell if it is oxidized? |
It is reduced when it gains a negative charge or hydrogen. It is oxidized if it loses electrons or breaks down. |
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At what stage of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced? |
3rd stage - electron transport chain (oxidated phosphorylation) |
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What are the products formed by lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation? |
Lactic acid - lactate Alcohol - ethanol and CO2 |
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What ultimately happens to the oxygen that we breathe in? |
It turns into water (H2O). |
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What is the job of NADH and FADH in cellular respiration? |
It transports energy to the electron transport chain (ETC). |
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What is the flow of energy in aerobic respiration? |
glucose --> NADH --> electron transport chain --> proton motive force --> ATP synthase |
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What stage of cellular respiration is present in all form of energy production we talked about? |
glycolysis |
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Why is the H+ gradient formed during the electron transport chain important? What is the name of this gradient? |
It provides force to drive ATP synthase. It is called the proton-motive force. |
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Where does each stage of cellular respiration occur in your cells? |
Cytoplasm - glycolysis Krebs, or citric acid cycle - inner membrane space Electron transport chain - cristae, matrix, inner (whole mitochondria) |
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What type of energy goes into photosynthesis? What energy comes out? |
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What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs? |
Heterotrophs - obtain their energy by eating other organisms. They consume in order to obtain food and O2. Autotrophs - do not eat to obtain energy, but are producers using energy from sunlight |
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Where in a leaf are chloroplasts found? |
Chloroplasts found in the mesophyll, the interior tissue of the leave. |
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Through what structure do leaves "breath"? |
Stomata |
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Where is chlorophyll located? |
Specifically in thylakoid, in chloroplasts. |
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What are the two stages of photosynthesis? Where do they each occur? |
Two stages are the "light reactions" and the "Calvin cycle". Light reactions occur in the thylakoids and the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma. |
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Know the formula for photosynthesis. |
6CO2 + 12H2O + Light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
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What is oxidized and what is reduced in photosynthesis? |
Water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced. |
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What 4 events happen during the light reactions? |
Splits water
Releases oxygen reduces NADP+ to NADPH Generates ATP by phosphorylation |
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Be able to discuss how photosynthesis and cellular respiration are related and essential to life on Earth. |
Reactans and products of each other, this is the carbon cycle and makes life sustainable on Earth |
