Ap Biology (Hormones And The Endocrine System:45.3)

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hypothalamus

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The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary.

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pituitary glands

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An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus; consists of a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), which stores and releases two hormones produced by the hypothalamus, and an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) which produces and secretes many hormones that regulate diverse body functions.

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posterior pituitary

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Also called the neurohypophysis; an extension of the hypothalamus composed of nervous tissue that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these hormones.

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neurohypophysis

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Also called the posterior pituitary; an extension of the hypothalamus composed of nervous tissue that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these hormones.

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anterior pituitary

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Also called the adenohypophysis; portion of the pituitary that develops from nonneural tissue; consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several tropic and nontropic hormones.

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adenohypophysis

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Also called the anterior pituitary; portion of the pituitary that develops from nonneural tissue; consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several tropic and nontropic hormones.

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tropic hormone

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A hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target.

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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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A hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. It promotes water retention by the kidneys as part of an elaborate feedback scheme that helps regulate the osmolarity of the blood.

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oxytocin

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A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. It induces contractions of the uterine muscles and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing.

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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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A tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the production of eggs by the ovaries and sperm by the testes.

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luteinizing hormone (LH)

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A tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovulation in females and androgen production in males.

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thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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A tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulates the release of thyroid hormones.

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gonadotropin

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A hormone that stimulates the activities of the testes and ovaries. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are gonadotropins.

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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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A tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that simulates the production and secretion of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex.

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prolactin (PRL)

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A hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary with a great diversity of effects in different vertebrate species. In mammals, it stimulates growth of and milk production by the mammary glands.

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melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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A hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that regulates the activity of pigment-containing cells in the skin of some vertebrates.

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endorphin

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Any of several hormones produced in the brain and anterior pituitary that inhibits pain perception.

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growth hormone (GH)

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A hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary that has both direct (nontropic) effects and tropic effects on a wide variety of tissues.

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insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

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A hormone produced by the liver whose secretion is stimulated by growth hormone. It directly stimulates bone and cartilage growth.