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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter
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anything that takes up space and has mass
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Element
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substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
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Compound
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substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
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Essential Elements
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organism needs this to to live a healthy life and reproduce
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Trace Elements
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required by an organism in only minute quantities
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Atom
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smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
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Neutron
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particle that has no electrical charge, neutral
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Proton
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particle that has one unit of a positive electrical charge
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Electron
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particle that has a one unit of a negative electrical charge
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Atomic Nucleus
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protons and neutrons packed together tightly in a dense core at the center of an atom
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Dalton
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unit of measurement for atoms and subatomic particles (and molecules); named after John Dalton, British scientist who helped develop the atomic theory
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Atomic Number
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the number of protons; unique to each element - written as subscript to left of element symbol
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Mass Number
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sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus - written as superscript to the left of element symbol
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Atomic Mass
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approximation of the total mass of an atom; protons and neutrons have a mass close to 1 dalton
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Isotopes
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different atomic forms of the same element
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Radioactive Isotope
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nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
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Energy
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the capacity to cause change by doing work
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Potential Energy
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energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure
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Electron Shells
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where electrons are found; each has a characteristic average distance from nucleus and energy level
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Valence Electrons
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outer electrons
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Valence Shell
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outermost electron shell
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Orbital
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three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time
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Chemical Bonds
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atoms stay close together held by these attractions
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Covalent Bond
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sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
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Molecule
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two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
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Single Bond
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a pair of shared electrons
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Double Bond
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sharing two pairs of valence electrons
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Valence
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bonding capacity of an atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost shell
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Electronegativity
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attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond
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Nonpolar Covalent Bond
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bond between two atoms of the same element; electrons shared equally, atoms have the same electronegativity creating a stand-off
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Polar Covalent Bond
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one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom; electrons are not shared equally
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Ion
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a charged atom, or molecule
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Cation
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ion, charge positive
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Anion
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ion, negative charge
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Ionic Bond
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attraction between two ions of an opposite charge; transfer electrons
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Ionic Compounds
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compounds formed by ionic bonds
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Salts
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ionic compounds
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Hydrogen Bond
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noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom
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Van der Waals Interactions
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attraction between transiently positive and negative regions of molecules; weak and only occur when close together
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Chemical Reactions
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making/breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter
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Reactant
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starting materials of a chemical reaction
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Product
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materials produced from chemical reactions
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Chemical Equilibrium
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point at which the reactions offset one another exactly
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