Ap Bio Protein Synthesis Quiz

Front 1

name for coding regions of dna

Back 1

genes

Front 2

how strands of dna run

Back 2

anti parallel. if one strand rusn 3'-5-, the other runs 5'-3'

Front 3

number of bonds between a and t

Back 3

two

Front 4

number of bonds between c and g

Back 4

three

Front 5

reason dna strands can't both run the same direction (5'-3' and 5'-3')

Back 5

won't allow the bases to be near each other to hydrogen bond

Front 6

mRNA

Back 6

messenger rna, the rna used to make a protein (base for coding)

Front 7

tRNA

Back 7

"tugboat" rna, participates in translation by matching correct anitcodon/amino acid

Front 8

rRNA

Back 8

ribosomal rna

Front 9

job of rna polymerase

Back 9

to transcribe dna into rna

Front 10

initiation in prokaryotes

Back 10

rna poly recognizes promoter sequence (through induced fit), rna binds to promoter, dna is unwound to stard (hydrogen bonds broken)

Front 11

where rna binds and where rna starts (promoter sequence in prokaryotes)

Back 11

-35, then -10, then +1, also there is no 0

Front 12

where eukaryotic promoter sequence is

Back 12

-75, -25, +1

Front 13

in order for rna polymerase to recognize promoter sequence, rna poly must

Back 13

be correct sequence of bases (small change okay), be correctly spaced

Front 14

elongation

Back 14

process of building rna strand, rna poly matches complementary nucleotides to the DNA template strand

Front 15

template strand

Back 15

the actual strand rna polymerase uses to build rna

Front 16

coding (nontemplate) strand





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Back 16

not used for building rna, but has same sequence as rna except ts are replace w/ us

Front 17

how rna poly transcibes (direction)

Back 17

5'-3'

Front 18

termination

Back 18

how transcription ends, long strand of ts and as

Front 19

why as and ts cause termination

Back 19

they only have 2 h bonds between them, whereas cg has 3, 2 h bonds not enough to hold dna template and rna together

Front 20

translation

Back 20

using rna code to create a protein

Front 21

where translation occurs for prokaryotes

Back 21

in the cytoplasm or the rough er

Front 22

how many nucleotides/codon

Back 22

3 bases

Front 23

job of tRNA

Back 23

brings correct amino acid to match with the mRNA codon

Front 24

what each tRNA holds

Back 24

an anticodon (complementary to the mRNA strand) with a corresponding amino acid

Front 25

what ribosomes are made of

Back 25

an rRNA and a protein

Front 26

job of ribosome

Back 26

workbench for translatipon-it holds the mRNA and tRNAs in the correct position to assemble the protein

Front 27

3 sites on ribosome

Back 27

a site=where tRNA first binds to mRNA, p site=where the amino acid is added on to the polypeptide chain, e site=exit site

Front 28

where translation begins

Back 28

at the start codon aug/methionine (not same as +1!!)

Front 29

what ribosome does during translation

Back 29

breaks bond between tRNA and amino acid, creates a new peptide bond to link it to the polypeptide chain

Front 30

how does mRNA know if it is correctly matched to the tRNA

Back 30

hydrogen bonding between the bases

Front 31

how translation is stopped

Back 31

when a stop codon is reached (UAA, UAG, UGA), release factor binds to the mRNA, breaking apart the ribosome and mRNA/protein

Front 32

first step in rna processing

Back 32

1. modified g nucleotide added to the 5' end of pre mRNA to help mRNA bind to ribosome

Front 33

second step in rna processing

Back 33

2. poly a tail added to 3' end of premRNA, helps direct mRNA out of the nucleus

Front 34

third step in rna processing

Back 34

3. splicing--introns (noncoding regions) cut out, exons pieced together, done compeletely by enzymes

Front 35

point mutation

Back 35

single nucleotide subsituted/inserted

Front 36

base pair substitution

Back 36

replacement of one nucleotide and its partner

Front 37

missense mutation

Back 37

dna codes for one different amino acid (can have no effect if amino acid still has same properties)

Front 38

nonsense mutation

Back 38

early stop codon introduced, protein is incomplete

Front 39

insertion/deletion

Back 39

base pair deleted, changes reading frame, disastrous!!! changes everything

Front 40

frameshift

Back 40

changes reading frame, will almost always result in the wrong/nonfunctioning protein

Front 41

how proteins know where to go

Back 41

secretory proteins have molecular tags called signal peptides (the first amino acid translated) that directs protein through the er

Front 42

signal peptide

Back 42

sequence of amino acids at beginning of protein that binds to signal recognition protein(srp)

Front 43

srp

Back 43

signal recognition protein

Front 44

how srp and signal peptide work to direct

Back 44

they bind together, then the two bind to a receptor on the er, protein fed into er and the signal sequence is removed by an enzyme inside the ER

Front 45

gene expression

Back 45

transcribing and translating a gene

Front 46

how regulation affects an organism

Back 46

allows organism to selectivley transcribe/late to prevent too little/too much of one protein

Front 47

genes expressed depend on

Back 47

the type of cell or the particular needs of the cell at the time

Front 48

operon

Back 48

group of related genes

Front 49

basic structure of operon

Back 49

promoter sequence at the very beginning, all of the genes will be transcribed together in one long strand of rna

Front 50

benefit of organizing genome into operons

Back 50

more efficient, transcribes everything needed for a process at once

Front 51

repressible operon

Back 51

operon usually on, but can be inhibited

Front 52

regulatory gene

Back 52

found somewhere else on genome, not part of operon, code for a repressor

Front 53

coprepressor

Back 53

when binds to repressor it becomes active

Front 54

how repressor protein is transcribed

Back 54

in its inactive form

Front 55

operator region

Back 55

just after promoter region, repressor can bind to operon if repressor is in active form

Front 56

when transcription is "on" (lack of needed protein) in an repressible

Back 56

repressor is inactive, rna poly is able to bind to promoter to transcribe the gene

Front 57

when trasncription is "off" (sufficient amount of protein)

Back 57

the protein binds to the repressor, converting it to active form, blocking rna poly from transcribing

Front 58

under what conditions would inducible operon go from "off" to "on"

Back 58

when there is lack of the needed protein

Front 59

operator region

Back 59

just after promoter region, repressor can bind to operon if repressor is in active form

Front 60

when transcription is "on" (lack of needed protein) in an repressible

Back 60

repressor is inactive, rna poly is able to bind to promoter to transcribe the gene

Front 61

when trasncription is "off" (sufficient amount of protein)

Back 61

the protein binds to the repressor, converting it to active form, blocking rna poly from transcribing

Front 62

under what conditions would inducible operon go from "off" to "on"

Back 62

when there is lack of the needed protein

Front 63

inducible operon

Back 63

operon is usually off

Front 64

how inducible repressor is translated

Back 64

as active

Front 65

when regulatory gene is bound by inducer, it becomes inactive

Back 65

since there is enough protein, the is no need to express the operon

Front 66

how transcription factors help rna poly bind

Back 66

creates an area that chemically attracts rna poly

Front 67

enhancer sequence

Back 67

far away from gene it transcribes, activator molecules bind to enhancer sequence, enhancer loops aroudn so that the activators can also bind to transcription factors, all cause rna poly to start