Ap Bio Chapter 9

Front 1

fermentation

Back 1

a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Front 2

cellular respiration

Back 2

the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.

Front 3

redox reaction

Back 3

a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.

Front 4

oxidation

Back 4

the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

Front 5

reduction

Back 5

the addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.

Front 6

reducing agent

Back 6

the electron donor in a redox reaction.

Front 7

oxidizing agent

Back 7

the electron acceptor in a redox reaction.

Front 8

NAD+

Back 8

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism.

Front 9

electron transport chain

Back 9

a sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrance proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Front 10

glycolysis

Back 10

the splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.

Front 11

citric acid cycle

Back 11

a chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cell respiration.

Front 12

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 12

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.

Front 13

substrate-level phosphorylation

Back 13

the formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

Front 14

acetyl CoA

Back 14

acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.

Front 15

cytochromes

Back 15

an iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Front 16

ATP synthase

Back 16

a cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matric of a mitrochondrion.

Front 17

chemiosmosis

Back 17

an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.

Front 18

proton-motive force

Back 18

the potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.

Front 19

aerobic

Back 19

containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen.

Front 20

anaerobic

Back 20

lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.

Front 21

alcohol fermentation

Back 21

the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

Front 22

lactic acid fermentation

Back 22

the conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.

Front 23

beta oxidation

Back 23

a metabolic sequence of that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.