Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Open circulatory system
|
Blood is not always contained in vessels
|
|
|
Sinuses
|
Spaces surrounding the organs of the body in animals with open circulatory systems (like gross bugs)
|
|
|
Atria
|
Chambers that receive blood returning to the heart
|
|
|
Ventricles
|
Chambers that pump blood out of the heart
|
|
|
Arteries
|
Carry blood Away from the heart to organs. Branch into arterioles
|
|
|
Capillaries
|
-Thin, porous walls
-Form networks called capillary beds, that infiltrate each tissue -Chemicals are exchanged across capillaries between blood and interstitial fluid |
|
|
Venules
|
At the "downstream" end, capillaries converge into venules, and venules converge into...
|
|
|
Veins!
|
Return blood to the heart. Have valves to prevent the backflow of blood b/c of gravity
|
|
|
Pulmonary circuit
|
The branch of the circulatory system that supplies the lungs
|
|
|
Systemic circuit
|
In this circuit, blood leaves the heart through the aorta, goes to all organs of the body through systemic arteries, then returns to the heart through systemic veins
|
|
|
Double circulation
|
A circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, which ensures vigorous blood flow to all organs
|
|
|
Heart cycle
|
The sequence of events in the heart between the start of one contraction and the start of the next
|
|
|
Systole
|
Contraction phase of heart (phase when the heart pumps blood)
|
|
|
Diastole
|
Blood pressure between heart beats (relaxation phases)
|
|
|
Atrioventricular valves
|
Keep blood flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract
|
|
|
Which side is the tricuspid on?
|
Right
|
|
|
Which side is the bicuspid on? (aka mitral valve)
|
Left
|
|
|
Semilunar valves
|
A valve located at the two exits of the heart where the aorta leaves the left ventricle, and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle
|
|
|
Heart murmur occurs when...
|
A valve doesn't close completely
|
|
|
Cardiac output
|
Volume of blood pumped per minute by the LEFT ventricle of the heart
|
|
|
Stroke volume
|
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction
|
|
|
Pulmonary arteries carry blood away from the heart. What is special about this blood?
|
It is deoxygenated
|
|
|
Sinoatrial (SA) node
|
sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract. Located in the wall of the right atrium. Acts as a pacemaker
|
|
|
Atroventricular (AV) node
|
A region of specialized tissue between the right and left ventricle. Generates electrical impulses that cause the ventricles to contract
|
|
|
Hydrostatic force
|
The pressure at a point in a fluid at rest due to the weight of the fluid above it
|
|
|
Peripheral resistance
|
When the blood flow is impeded by the arteries
|
|
|
Microcirculation
|
The blood flow through blood vessels smaller than 100 micrometers
|
|
|
Precapillary sphincters
|
A band of smooth muscle that adjusts blood flow into each capillary
|
|
|
Capillary bed
|
A network of capillaries that infiltrate every organ and tissue in the body
|
|
|
Lymphatic system
|
A system of vessels + lymph nodes separate from the circulatory system that returns fluid and protein to the blood
|
|
|
Lymph
|
The colorless fluid derived from interstitial fluid in the lymphatic system of vertebrate animals
|
|
|
Lymph nodes
|
Organs located along lymph vessels that filter lymph and help attack bacteria + viruses
|
|
|
Lymph capillaries
|
Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that are closed at one end and are located in the spaces between cells throughout the body
|
|
|
Electrolytes
|
Any substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium
|
|
|
Plasma proteins
|
Proteins found in the blood plasma
|
|
|
Immunoglobulins
|
One of the class of proteins comprising the antibodies
|
|
|
Fibrinogens
|
Inactive form of the plasma protein that is converted to the active form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that form the framework of a blood clot
|
|
|
Hemoglobin
|
An iron containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds to oxygen
|
|
|
Erythroprotein
|
A hormone produced in the kidney when tissues of the body do not receive enough oxygen. Stimulates production of red blood cells
|
|
|
Stem cells
|
In the bone marrow, type of cell that gives rise to all the types of blood cells
|
|
|
Lymphocytes
|
A white blood cell.
Lymphocytes that complete development in bone marrow = B cell Lymphocytes that complete dev. in the thymus = T cell |
|
|
Monocytes
|
An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage
|
|
|
A platelet does not have a ____
|
nucleus
|
|
|
Clotting factors
|
(coagulation)
A complex process by which blood clots form |
|
|
fibrin
|
The activated form of the blood clotting protein in fibrinogen which aggregates into threads that form the fabric of the clot
|
|
|
Hemophelia is ________
|
sex-linked
|
|
|
Thrombus
|
A group of platelets and fibrin that block the flow of blood through a blood vessel
Imagine a rhombus shaped band-aid |
|
|
Embolus
|
A mass that travels through the bloodstream and lodges in and obstructs a blood vessel like its at the econo-lodge (think bolus)
|
|
|
Arrhythmia
|
Any group of conditions in which the electrical activity of the heart is irregular/faster/slower/ than normal
|
|
|
Atherosclerosis
|
A disease affecting arterial blood vessels
|
|
|
Plaques
|
An accumulation and swelling in the artery walls that is made up of cells
|
|
|
Low density lipoproteins (LDL's)
|
Cholesterol-carrying particle in blood made up of cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by a single layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded
|
|
|
High density lipoproteins (HDL's)
|
Carries less cholesterol than LDL
|
|
|
Arteriosclerosis
|
A cardiovascular disease caused by the formation of hard plaques within the arteries
|
|
|
Angina pectoris
|
Chest pain due to a lack of blood and oxygen supply to the heart muscle due to obstruction spasm of the coronary arteries
|
|
|
Hypertension
|
Chronically high blood pressure
|
|
|
Respiratory medium
|
The source of oxygen. Air for terrestrial animals, water for aquatic animals.
|
|
|
Respiratory surface
|
The part of an animal where gases are exchanged with the environment
|
|
|
Gills
|
A localized extension of the body surface of many aquatic animals, specialized for gas exchange
|
|
|
Lungs
|
The folded respiratory surface of terrestrial animals
|
|
|
Tracheae
|
Tiny air tubes that branch throughout the insect body for gas exchange
|
|
|
Countercurrent exchange
|
The opposite flow of adjacent fluids maximizes transfer rates
ex: in gills, blood and water run in different directions |
|
|
Spiracles
|
Small openings on the surfaces of some animals that usually lead to respiratory systems
|
|
|
Pharynx
|
Throat
|
|
|
Larynx
|
voicebox, contains vocal chords
|
|
|
TracheA
|
windpipe
|
|
|
Bronchi
|
Breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs
|
|
|
Bronchioles
|
5 branches of the bronchi's that transport air to the alveoli
|
|
|
Alveoli
|
Multilobed air sacs that constitute the gas exchange surface of the lungs
|
|
|
Negative-pressure breathing
|
Breathing system in which air is pulled to the lungs
|
|
|
Diaphragm
|
A sheet of muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity in mammals
|
|
|
Tidal volume
|
How much air we naturally inhale and exhale with each breath
|
|
|
Residual volume
|
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after forceful exhaling
|
|
|
Vital capacity
|
The maximum volume of air that a respiratory system can inhale and exhale
|
|
|
Parabronchi
|
The sites of gas exchange in bird lungs. They allow air to flow past the respiratory surface in just one direction
|
|
|
Breathing centers
|
Where respiration occurs. Located in medulla oblongata and pons
|
|
|
Medulla Oblongata
|
The lower portion of the brainstem. Sets basic breathing rhythm and monitors CO2 level of blood
|
|
|
Pons
|
Structure located in the brainstem. Relays sensory information
|
|
|
Respiratory pigments
|
Special proteins that transport most of the oxygen in blood
|
|
|
Hemocyanin
|
A type of respiratory pigment that uses copper as its oxygen binding component
|
|
|
Purkinje fibers
|
Conduct the electrical signals to the apex of the heart and throughout the ventricular walls
|
|
|
Briefly explain how a coronary bypass is done
|
When a plaque develops, the affected artery is converged into another artery
|
|
|
Using the flow of blood through the gill of a fish and the water around it, explain the concept of countercurrent exchange
|
-Arrangement of blood vessels in fish gills maximizes oxygen transfer from the water to the blood
-Water and blood flow in opposite directions in gills -Water enters gills and unloads O2 by diffusion into the blood. Blood gains O2 as it moves along and water loses O2 as it moves along |
|
|
Briefly explain the structure of the respiratory system, including trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
|
Tracheal system: Made up of air tubes that branch throughout body.
-Goes past vocal chords in larynx -From larynx, goes to trachea (windpipe) -Trachea forks into 2 bronchi -Bronchi get into fuller and fuller bronchioles -At the tips of the bronchioles are air-sacs called alveoli |
|
|
What is the relative partial pressure of oxygen and CO2 in the pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins?
|
ARTERY:
O2: 40mmhg CO2: 45mmhg VEIN O2: 104mmhg CO2: 40mmhg |
|
|
How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry at one time?
|
Up to 4
|
|
|
Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Include the chemistry and location of this transport
|
-CO2 from respiring cells diffuses into the blood plasma and then into the red blood cells where it's converted into bicarbonate
-CO2 then reacts with water to form cabonic acid, which then dissociates into H+ and HCO(3)- -Most H+ attaches to hemoglobin -The bicarbonate ions diffuse into the plasma -Blood flows into lungs, process is reversed |
|
|
How are marine mammals able to remain under water for relatively long periods of time?
|
-Deep-diving air-breathers stockpile oxygen and deplete it slowly
|
