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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The evolutionary history of a species or group of species is called its...
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Phylogeny
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A discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships is called...
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Systematics
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The species name is called a...
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Specific epithet
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The named taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy is called a...
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Taxon
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The evolutionary history of a group of organisms can be represented in a branching diagram called a...
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Phylogenetic tree
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The Linnaean classification system does not always at all reflect the evolutionary history of a species. What approach has been proposed that only names groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants?
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The PhyloCode
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Two-way dichotomies in phylogenetic trees are called...
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Branch points
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A branch point on a phylogenetic tree from which more than two descendant groups emerge is called a...
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Polytomy (also indicates that evolutionary relationships among the descendant taxa are not yet clear).
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T/F: Although the underlying skeletal systems of bats and birds are homologous, their wings are NOT.
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True (they are analogous, not homologous)
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Analogous structures that arose independently are alse called...
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Homoplasies
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Molecular homoplasies are...
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When two not closely related species have similar DNA sequences
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The discipline that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships is called...
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Molecular systematics
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In what approach to systematics is common ancestry the primary criterion used to classify organisms? What are the names of the groups it places species into?
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Cladistics; clades (which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants)
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What does monophyletic mean and what is significant about a clade that has this characteristic?
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It means that the clade only consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants, in which case it is equal to a taxon
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What is a paraphyletic clade?
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A group which consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants
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What is a polyphyletic clade?
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A group which includes taxa with different ancestors
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Why is the backbone for mammals a "shared ancestral character"?
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Because the vertebrae originated before the branching of mammals so other non mammalian animals have it as well, it was present in the shared ancestor
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Why is hair on mammals a "shared derived character"?
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Because it wasn't present in the original branching ancestor and is thus an "evolutionary novelty" unique to the mammalian clade
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A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species (pl) being studied (the ingroup) is an...
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Outgroup
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What principle says that we should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts?
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Maximum parsimony
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What principle states that given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events?
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Maximum likelihood
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T/F: Both of these concepts assume that it is more likely that equal rates are more common than unequal rates.
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True
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Predicting that features shared by two groups of closely related organisms are present in their common ancestor and all of its descendants is called...
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Phylogenetic bracketing (such as assuming dinosaurs sang and protected their eggs like birds and crocodiles)
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T/F: Because the DNA that codes for rRNA changes pretty slowly, comparisons of DNA in these sequences is useful for establishing extremely old relationships.
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True (in contrast, mitochondrial DNA is changed quickly and can be used to compare recent evolutionary relationships)
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Repeated duplications that have resulted in groups of related genes within an organism's genome are called...
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Gene families (which have a common ancestor)
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What term refers to homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation?
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Orthologous genes
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What types of genes result from gene duplication, so are found in more than one copy of the same genome?
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Paralogous genes (e.g., humans having thousands of olfactory genes due to replication)
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A yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes (and other regions of genomes) appear to evolve at constant rates is the concept of a...
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Molecular clock
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T/F: The assumption underlying the molecular clock is that the number of nucleotide substitutions in Orthologous genes is proportional to the time that has elapsed since the species branched from the common ancestor.
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True
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What theory states that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influenced by Darwinian selection?
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The natural theory
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T/F: If the exact sequence of amino acids in a protein is less crucial, fewer of the new mutations will be harmful and more will be neutral, and such genes change more quickly.
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True
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A process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection, etc., is called...
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Horizontal gene transfer
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