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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evolution is...
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Descent with modification
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The scale of increasing complexities of life proposed by Aristotle is known as the...
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Scala naturae
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What did Linnaeus do?
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He started binomial nomenclature; a species naming system still used today
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The superimposed layers of rock often found at the bottom of rivers and lakes are called...
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Strata
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Paleontology is...
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The study of fossils
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Who was the first, main paleontogist?
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Cuvier
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Instead of evolution, what did Cuvier use to explain his fossil findings?
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Catatrophism - the idea that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those in the present
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What did Hutton do?
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He studied geology and it's gradually occurring changes
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Who was the geologist that proposed uniformitarianism, and what is this?
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Lyell; this means that changes are constant over time and still occurring today
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What is naturalist and evolutionary scientist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck noted for?
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The incorrect mechanism he proposed to explain how evolution occurs.
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What is Lamarck's theory of "use and disuse"?
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That the body parts animals use the most become stronger and bigger, while those they use least become small and deteriorate.
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What is Lamarck's corresponding theory of "inheritance of acquired characteristics"?
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That animals could pass their stronger body parts onto their offspring; so a giraffe that stretched its strong, long neck and thus got it stronger could pass the strength onto children. Both theories are wrong.
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Characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments are called...
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Adaptations
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A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits leave more offspring than individuals with other traits is called...
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Natural selection
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(1) That descent with modification explains life's unity and diversity and (2) that natural selection brings about the match between an organism and its environment, were both ideas...
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That Darwin created in "The Origin of Species"
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The unity that Darwin observed in life, which he attributed to the descent of all organisms from an ancestor that lived in the remote past, was explained by his theory of...
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Descent with modification
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The process of selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits is called...
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Artificial selection
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(1) That members of a population often vary greatly in their traits, (2) that traits are inherited from parents to offspring, (3) that all species are capable of producing more offspring than their environment can support, and (4) that owing to lack of resources many offspring do not survive are all...
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Four of Darwin's main observations
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(1) Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals, and (2) This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations, were both...
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Darwin's inferences
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T/F: Over time, natural selection imposed by factors such as predators, lack of food, or adverse physical conditions can increase the proportion of favorable traits in a population.
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True
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T/F: Over time natural selection can increase the match between organisms and their environment
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True
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T/F: If an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species in the process.
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True
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T/F: INDIVIDUALS do not evolve, rather, populations evolve over time
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True
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Direct observations of evolution, the fossil record, homology, and biogeography are the four main studies in...
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Proving the theory of evolution
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What is the ultimate trade off in male guppies on bright colors attracting mates but also attracting predators?
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The larger number of predators meant the less bright the guppies, and natural selection was demonstrated perfectly in this experiment.
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Similarities between species resulting from common ancestry is known as...
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Homology
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The underlying skeletons of the arms, forelegs, flippers, and wings of different mammals are _ _ that represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor.
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Homologous structures
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So basically, homologies are...
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Body parts (either in fully developed on in developing animals) that are similar among a large group of species, such as mammals
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"Leftover" structures of animals which are remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors are called...
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Vestigial structures
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A diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms is called an...
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Evolutionary tree
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When looking at an evolutionary tree, how can you tell which animals are more closely related?
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Not by how close they are to EACHOTHER on the tree, but by which animals share the CLOSEST common ancestor.
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The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages (with no recent common ancestor) is called...
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Convergent evolution
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When species share features because of convergent evolution (like the sugar glider marsupial being like the flying squirrel mammal) the resemblance is said to be not homologous, but...
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Analogous
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The geographic distribution of species is called...
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Biogeography
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When a species of plant or animal is found in only one place from all around the world, it is called...
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Endemic
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