Ap Bio Chapter 11

Front 1

Allele

Back 1

one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits

Front 2

Asexual Reproduction

Back 2

reproduction without the fusion of gametes

Front 3

Autosome

Back 3

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Front 4

Chromosome

Back 4

a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order

Front 5

Cross Polination

Back 5

pollination between flowers of different plants

Front 6

Crossing Over

Back 6

the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

Front 7

Dihybrid Cross

Back 7

hybridization using two traits with two alleles each

Front 8

Diploid Cell

Back 8

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. (full set)

Front 9

Dominant Trait

Back 9

the trait observed when at least one dominant allele for a characteristic is inherited

Front 10

F1 Generation

Back 10

the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms

Front 11

F2 Generation

Back 11

the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation

Front 12

Fertilization

Back 12

creation by the physical union of male and female gametes

Front 13

Gamete

Back 13

a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

Front 14

Gene

Back 14

(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; unit of heredity existing as alleles

Front 15

Gene Expression

Back 15

conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein (genetic material --> trait)

Front 16

Genome

Back 16

the complete genetic material contained in an individual

Front 17

Genotype

Back 17

the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism

Front 18

Haploid Cell

Back 18

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n) (gametes)

Front 19

Heterozygous

Back 19

having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

Front 20

Homologous Chromosomes

Back 20

chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis

Front 21

Homologues

Back 21

member of a homologous pair of chromosomes

Front 22

Homozygous

Back 22

having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci

Front 23

Hybrid/Hybridization

Back 23

an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock; crossing of different species

Front 24

Karyotype

Back 24

the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)

Front 25

Law of Independent Assortment

Back 25

each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random

Front 26

Law of Segregation

Back 26

members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete receives only one member of the pair

Front 27

Locus

Back 27

the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome

Front 28

Monohybrid Cross

Back 28

hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas)

Front 29

P Generation

Back 29

parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross

Front 30

Phenotype

Back 30

what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype

Front 31

Punnett Square

Back 31

a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

Front 32

Recessive Trait

Back 32

a trait that is apparent only when two recessive alleles for the same characteristic are inherited

Front 33

Rule of Multiplication

Back 33

A rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events.

Front 34

Self Pollination

Back 34

Occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either the same flower or a flower on the same plant.

Front 35

Sex Chromosome

Back 35

(genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual

Front 36

Sexual Reproduction

Back 36

reproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete

Front 37

Test Cross

Back 37

the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype

Front 38

Traits

Back 38

a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes

Front 39

Variation

Back 39

(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration

Front 40

Zygote

Back 40

the cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell)