Ap Bio Ch 15-17

Front 1

Helicase

Back 1

unwinds dna

Front 2

polymerase

Back 2

replicates

Front 3

ligase

Back 3

bonds okazaki fragments

Front 4

topoisomerase

Back 4

keeps DNA from knotting

Front 5

restriction enzymes

Back 5

used to cut DNA molecules in specific places. It is from bacteria

Front 6

Palindromic sequences

Back 6

base sequence reads the same as its complement in opposite directions

Front 7

vector molecule

Back 7

transports DNA fragment into cell (bacteriophages, plasmids, viruses)

Front 8

transformation

Back 8

uptake of foreign DNA into cells (horizontal gene transfer)

Front 9

genomic library

Back 9

collection of DNA fragments that represent all the DNA in the genome

Front 10

chromosome library

Back 10

all the DNA fragments in that specific chromosome

Front 11

DNA library

Back 11

makes DNA copies of mature mRNA (it is produced using reverse transcriptase)

Front 12

genetic probes

Back 12

segments of single stranded DNA that can hybridize to complementary base sequences in target gene

Front 13

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Back 13

DNA is denatured then primers attach to the primer binding site on each DNA strand then each strand acts as a template for DNA synthesis

Front 14

gel electrophoresis

Back 14

separate DNA or RNA fragments or polypeptides by size (Northern, Southern and Western blots)

Front 15

Southern blot

Back 15

DNA fragments

Front 16

northern blot

Back 16

RNA fragments

Front 17

western blot

Back 17

polypeptides

Front 18

DNA sequencing

Back 18

yields information about the structure of genes and the probable amino acid sequences of its encoded proteins

Front 19

applications of DNA therapy

Back 19

gene therapy, tissue engineering, recombinant DNA (insulin, growth hormone, etc) and DNA typing

Front 20

transgenic organisms

Back 20

foreign DNA incorporated into their genetic material

Front 21

cell determination

Back 21

groups of cells become committed and leads to cell differentiation due to differential gene expression

Front 22

nuclear equivalence

Back 22

nuclei of all differentiated cells are genetically identical

Front 23

somatic cells

Back 23

all cells except for egg and sperm

Front 24

germ line cells

Back 24

gametes (primary oocytes and spermatocytes)

Front 25

totipotency

Back 25

capability of cells to direct development of organisms

Front 26

stem cells

Back 26

undifferentiated cells that can produce differentiated descendants and can reproduce themselves

Front 27

pluripotent stem cells

Back 27

more specialized cells

Front 28

maternal effect genes

Back 28

organized structure of egg cell

Front 29

egg polarity genes

Back 29

determine which part of the egg is dorsal or ventral; anterior or posterior

Front 30

gap genes

Back 30

interpret the maternal anterior/posterior info

Front 31

pair rule genes

Back 31

divide the embryo into paired strips

Front 32

segment polarity genes

Back 32

divide each segment into anterior and posterior halves

Front 33

homeotic genes

Back 33

determine body plan( developmental plan for each segment)

Front 34

homeobox

Back 34

codes for a protein functional region (affects transcription)

Front 35

hox genes

Back 35

clusters of homeobox-containing genes that specify the anterior/posterior axis during development