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264 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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deductive reasoning |
to reach a logical true conclusion |
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dependent variable |
influenced by the independent variable |
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hypothesis |
proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence |
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independent variable |
a variable that does not depend on that of another |
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inductive reasoning |
multiple premises are combined to obtain a specific conclusion |
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mean |
average |
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median |
occurs in the middle |
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observation |
data measured, collected, or noticed during an experiment |
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prediction |
making an educated guess |
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variable |
any item, factor, or condition that can be controlled or change |
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amino acid |
building blocks of all proteins |
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carbohydrate |
compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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denaturation |
proteins or nucleic acids lose the Quaternary structure, tertiary, and secondary structure |
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disaccharide |
sugar composed of two monosaccharides |
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hydrogen bond |
bond between two electronegative atoms |
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ion |
atom or group of atoms with positive or negative charge |
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lipid |
energy storafe, component in cell membrane, and helps with cell signaling...like oils or phospholipids |
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macromolecule |
large complex molecule, like proteins |
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monomer |
molecule that may react chemically to another of the same type to form a larger molecule |
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monosaccharide |
simple sugar |
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non polar molecule |
electrons shared equally |
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nucleotide |
basic building blocks of nucleic acids |
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nucleic acid |
one or two long chains of repeating nucleotides |
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phospholipid |
lipids contain a phosphate group and simple organic molecule |
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polar molecule |
opposing charges |
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polymer |
large molecules composed of many similar smaller molecules |
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protein |
a molecule composed of polymers of amino acids |
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adaptation |
a trait with a current functional role that is evolved |
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adaptive radiation |
diversification of a group of organisms |
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allele |
alternatice forms of a gene |
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allopatric |
occurring in separate nonoverlapping geographical areas |
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analogous structure |
various structures in different species |
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artificial selection |
breeding of plants and animals for desirable traits |
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biogeography |
study of the distribution of species and ecosystems |
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biological species |
group of idividuals that can breed together |
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coevolution |
two or more specials have close ecological relationship evolve together |
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common ancestor |
what all living organisms descended from |
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comparative anatomy |
study of similaritiesand differences |
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convergent evolution |
process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits |
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fossil record |
refer to the total number of fossils that have been discovered |
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founder effect |
effect on the resulting gene pool that occurs when a new population is discovered |
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gene flow |
movement and exchange of genes or alleles from populations |
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genetic bottleneck |
event that drastically reduces the size of a population |
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genetic drift |
change in the frequency of a gene cariant |
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gene pool |
total number of genes of every individual in an interbreeding population |
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genetic equilibrium |
condition of an allele or genotype in a gene pool where the frequency does not change from generation to generation |
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genetic variation |
mutation |
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genotype |
set of genes |
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gradualism |
the policy of advancing toward a goal by gradual often slow stages |
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natural selection |
proccess by which organisms that are better adapted tend to survive longer |
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phenotype |
physical characteristics |
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phylogeny |
evoltionary development and history of a species |
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polymorphism |
discontinuous genetic variation |
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polyploidy |
containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes |
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population |
group of organisms |
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postzygotic isolating mechanism |
when something happens after the formation of the zygote |
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prezygotic isolating mechanism |
prevents the fertilization of eggs |
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random mating |
mating between individuals where the choice of partner is not influenced by genotypes |
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directional selection |
extreme phenotype is favored |
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disruptive selection |
changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored |
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endosymbiosis |
symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other |
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evolution |
change in the heritable characterstics of biological populations |
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extinction |
end of an organism or group of organisms |
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divergent evolution |
a species evolves into two or more descendant |
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homologous structures |
when the structure of two different animals are similar |
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mass extinction |
extinction of a large number of species |
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miller-urey experiments |
experiment that simulated early earth atmosphere |
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molecular clock |
uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory |
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mutation |
alter the genetic message carried by a gene |
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reproductive isolation |
prevention of interbreeding of organisms in the same area |
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RNA world |
precursors to all current life on earth |
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speciation |
formation of new and distinct specials |
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sympatric |
taking place without geographical separation |
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vestigial organ |
structure in humans corresponding to a functional structure in the lower animals |
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binomial nomenclature |
two terms are used to denote a species of living organism |
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cladogram |
branching diagram showing relationship between species |
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monophyletic |
descended from a common evolutionary ancestor |
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paraphyletic |
descended from a common ancestor but not including all the descendant groups |
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phylogenetic tree |
branching diagram showing the inferred evolutionary relationships |
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phylogeny |
evolutionary development and history of a species |
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polyphyletic |
derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor |
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taxon |
a taxonomic group of any rank |
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active transport |
movement of ions or molecules requiring energy |
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apoptosis |
cell suicide |
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aquaporin |
water channels |
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carrier protein |
a protein that transports specific substance through intracellular compartments |
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cell wall |
a rigid layer of polysaccharides outside the plasma membrane |
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centrioles |
divides in perpendicular fashion during mitosis |
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channel protein |
allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane |
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chloroplast |
where photosynthesis is taken place |
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cyclic AMP |
second messenger important in many biological processes |
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concentration gradient |
process of particles moving through a solution or gas from high to low |
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cytoplasm |
protoplasm within a living cell |
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cytoskeleton |
consists mainly of actin filaments and microtubules and plays an important role in shape |
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diffusion |
net passive movement of particles |
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endocytosis |
taking in of matter by a living cell |
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endoplasmic reticulum Rough and Smooth |
a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm involved in protein and lipid synthesis |
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glycolipid |
lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond |
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glycoprotein |
simply proteins with a sugar attached to them |
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golgi apparatus |
complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm |
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G- protein linked receptor |
detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signals |
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hormone |
controls and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs |
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hypertonic |
concentration of solutes is greater outside the cell than inside it |
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hypotonic |
lower osmotic pressure than another solution |
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ion pump |
transmembrane protein that moves ions across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient |
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isotonic |
two solutions having the same osmotic pressure |
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lysosome |
contains degradative enzymes to break down |
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mitochondrion |
cellular respiration and energy production occur |
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phosphorylation cascade |
sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another |
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pinocytosis |
the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles |
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plasma membrane |
the membrane of lipids and proteins that form the external boundary of the cytoplasm |
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plasmolysis |
shrinkage or contraction of the protoplasm away from the wal of a living plant or bacterial cell |
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prokaryotic cell |
a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane bound nucleus |
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protein kinase |
enzyme that modifies other proteins |
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receptor |
specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli |
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ribosome |
site of protein synthesis |
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second messenger |
a molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor on a cell membrane to the final destination |
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selectively permeable |
allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport |
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signal transduction pathway |
a set of chemical reactions in a cell that occurs when a molecule attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane |
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exocytosis |
process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released |
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eukaryotic cell |
clearly defined nucleus |
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facilitated diffusion |
process of sponatneous passive transport of molecules across a cells membrane |
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flagella |
threadlike structure enables swimming in a whiplike movement |
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nucleus |
contains the cells DNA |
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osmosis |
spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a membrane into a region of higher solute concentration |
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passive transport |
moving molecules and other substances through a membrane, requiring no energy |
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phagocytosis |
process which a cell engulfs a solid partical |
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surface are volume ratio |
as the cube size increases or the cell gets bigger then the surface are to volume ratio decreases |
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transmembrane protein |
type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the biological membrane to which it is permanently attached |
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turgor |
normal rigid state of fullness of a cell or blood vessel resulting from pressure of the contents against the wall or membrane |
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vacuole |
contains fluids. foods, or waste |
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cell cycle |
series of events that take place before its divison |
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chromosome |
genetic material |
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crossing over |
when chromosome pair up with each other and exchange different segments of their genetic material |
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cyclin dependent kinase |
regulate the cell cycle |
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diploid |
two sets of chromosomes; 2n |
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DNA replication |
DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules |
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fertilization |
union of a sperm and ovum gametes to produce a diploid zygote |
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haploid |
reproductive cells like sperm or egg, with half the number of chromosomes as diploid |
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gamete |
contains only a single set of chromosomes |
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homologous chromosomes |
chromosome with the same gene sequence as another |
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independent assortment |
formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis |
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mitosis vs meiosis |
Meiosis- two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division. Daughter cells not genetically identical Mitosis- One round of genetic separation and cellular division. Daughter cells are identical to the parents |
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recombination |
process of forming new allelic combination in offspring by changes between genetic material |
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somatic cell |
any cell other than the reproductive cells |
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activator |
protein that increases gene transcription of a gene or set of genes |
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anticodon |
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides |
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base pairing rules |
AU(T) and GC |
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coding strand |
DNA strand whose base sequence corresponds to the base sequence of the RNA transcript |
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codon |
sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids |
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DNA |
type of macromolecule. deoxyribonucleic acid |
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exons |
any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA |
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gene expression |
process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product |
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gene repression |
the blocking of expression |
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HOX genes |
are a group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo |
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introns |
nucleotide sequence within a gene |
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lac operon |
operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose |
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nucleic acids |
consists of nucleotides, DNA or RNA |
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polymerase chain reaction |
laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA |
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repressor |
DNA or RNA binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes |
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restriction enzyme |
produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites |
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reverse transcriptase |
makes use of RNA molecule as a template for the synthesis of a complementary DNA strand |
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RNA |
ribonucleic acid |
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transcription |
process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied |
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translation |
step in protein biosynthesis where the genetic code is decoded |
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autosome |
any chromosome not considered as a sex chromosome |
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codominance |
a form of dominance in which alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed thereby the phenotype is neither dominant nor recessive |
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genotype |
set of genes |
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heterozygous |
different genes |
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homozygous |
same genes |
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incomplete dominance |
when both recessive and dominant traits show |
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multiple alleles |
three or more alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus |
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nondisjunction |
failure of a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis 1, failure of sister chromatids to separate, and failure of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis |
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pedigree analysis |
study of an inherited trait in a group of related individuals |
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phenotype |
set of observable characteristics of an individual |
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polygenetic inheritance |
the determination of a particular characteristic |
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pure breeding |
group of identical individuals that always produce offspring |
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recessive |
which effect is not tangible |
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segregation |
offspring acquire one factor from each parent |
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sex chromosome |
type of genome that is involved in the determination of the sex |
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trait |
a feature of an organism |
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acetyl coA |
organic compoun |
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activation energy |
energy required to start a reaction |
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anabolism |
chemical reactions that synthesize molecules in metabolism |
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anaerobic metabolism |
the chemical reactions that synthesize molecules in metabolism |
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allosteric regulation |
regulation of an enzyme by binding an effector molecule at a site other the active site |
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calvin cycle |
dark reactions of photosynthesis that occurs in the chloroplasts |
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catabolism |
destructive metabolism |
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catalyst |
enzyme |
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cellular respiration |
generates most of the energy in te cell |
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chemiosmosis |
movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane |
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chemoautotroph |
an organism that derives energy from the oxidation |
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chlorophyll |
green pigment in the chloroplasts |
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citric acid cycle |
enzyme catalyzed reactions in living cells that is the final series of reactions of aerobic metabolim |
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cyclic electron flow |
route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis |
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electron transport chain |
group of compounds that pass electron from one to nother |
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fermentation |
converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol |
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glycolysis |
initial metabolic pathway of cellular respiration |
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light dependent reactions |
series of biochemical reactions in photosynthesis that require light energy |
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light independent reactions |
convert co2 and other compounds into glucose |
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negative feedback |
reaction that causes a decrease in function |
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oxidative phosphorylation |
metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients |
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photolysis |
splitting or decomposition of chemical compound by means of light energy |
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positive feedback |
enhancement or amplification of an effect by its own influence on the process that gives rise to it |
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cell mediated immunity |
immune response that does not involve antibodies |
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circadian rhythm |
cycle that tells our bodies when to sleep |
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clonal selection |
the mutation of stem cells produces all possible templates for antibody production |
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humoral immunity |
aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids |
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hypothalamus |
controls the autonomic nervous system and the secretion of hormones |
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inflammation |
biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli |
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postynaptic |
receiving or distal side of a synapse |
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presynaptic |
a neuron from the axon terminal of which an electrical impulse is transmitted across a synaptic cleft |
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primary immune respsonse |
involves the action of white blood cells that work to deactivate antigens |
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refractory period |
period during which nerve or muscle is inacapable of responding to stimulation |
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dopamine |
chemical responsible for sending messages between the brain and different nerve cells of the body |
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endocrine signaling |
uses the circulatory system to transport ligands |
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guard cells |
one of the paired cells in the epidermis of a plant that control the opening and closing of stoma |
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HIV |
disease that alters the immune system |
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homeostasis |
maintains a constant environment |
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leukocyte |
any of the blood cells that lack hemoglobin |
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memory cells |
any small, long lived lymphocyte that has previously encountered a given antigen |
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motor neuron |
a nerve cell that conducts impulses to a muscle |
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myelin |
substance compromised mainly of fatty material and proteins that forms the myelin sheath |
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neuromuscular junction |
chemical synapse between a motoneuron and a muscle fiber |
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neuron |
a cell of the nervous system |
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neurotransmitter |
chemical that is released from a nerve cell that transmits an impulse |
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nodes of Ranvier |
a gap at regular intervals between segments myelin sheath |
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non specific defense |
bodys first line of defense |
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passive immunity |
transfer of antibody from one individual to another |
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photoperopdism |
physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night |
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phytochrome |
photoreceptor that plants and some bacteria and fungi use to detect light |
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resting potential |
electrical potential of the inside of a cell relative to its surroundings |
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saltatory conduction |
propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons |
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schwann cells |
a glial cell that wraps around the nerve fiber in the PNS |
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secondary immune response |
substances that bind to a specific immune receptor |
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serotonin |
acts as a neurotransmitter that is involved in the control of pain receptor |
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specific defense |
consists of mechanisms and agents that target specific antigens |
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t cell |
type of white blood cell that functions in cell mediated immunity |
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transpiration |
process where plants absorb water through the roots and then give off water vapor |
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transpirtational pull |
explanation for the upward movement of the water is accounted for by a mechanism |
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xylem |
compound tissue in vascular plants the help provide support |
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abiotic factor |
nonliving condition, like climate or habitat, that influences or affects an ecosystem |
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biodiversity |
the variability among living organisms from all sources |
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biome |
Flora and fauna community |
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Biotic factor |
Any living factor that effects the ecosystem |
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Carrying capacity |
Max population the ecosystem can carry |
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Community |
Different groups of species interacting in a same area |
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Decomposer |
Like fungi, decompose organic material |
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Density dependent factor |
factors whose effects on the size or growth of the population vary with density |
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Global warming |
warming of the earth |
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Greenhouse effect |
radiation from the atmosphere warms the planets surface |
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Gross primary productivity |
amount of chemical energy as biomass that primary producers create |
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Keystones species |
speicies on which other speies in an ecosystem largely depend |
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Primary consumer |
herbivors feeding on plants and fungus |
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Detritovore |
animal that feeds on dead organic material |
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Ecological succession |
gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time |
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Ecosystem |
biological community |
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Exponential growth Logistic growth |
E- growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number L- when the growth rate decreases as the population reaches carrying capacity |
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Net primary productivity |
amount of carbon uptake after subtracting RES from GPP |
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Secondary consumer |
animals that eat primary producers |
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Survivorship curve |
graph showing the number or proportion of individuals surving to each age for a given species |
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Symbiosis |
interactions between two different organisms |
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Ten perfect rule |
transfer of energy from tropic levels only ten percent of the enrgy is consumed |
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n |
n |
