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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Explain the effect on hormones that cold temperatures cause: |
When you're cold: hypothalamus releases TRH->pituitary->TSH->Thyroid-> stimulates metabolism which increases warmth |
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What hormone controls an increased level of Ca+ in blood? |
Calcitonin is released from thyroid->stimulates bones to absorb Ca+ from blood |
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What hormone increases blood ca+ levels? |
Parathyroid gland secretes PTH to target bones, kidneys, intestines to release ca+ to blood |
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What does the adrenal medulla secrete? |
Catecholamines (epinephrine&norepinephrine) |
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What does the and renal cortex secrete? |
Aldosterone: targets kidneys to retain Na+ and excrete k+..resulting in water retention |
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The difference between Type 1 diabetes & type 2 diabetes |
Type 1:insulin dependent Type 2: not insulin dependent |
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You eat a sugar snack. Describe what happens to hormones: |
Blood glucose rises->pancreas releases insulin->targets cells to absorb glucose from blood & causes liver to convert glucose to glycogen |
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You eat a sugar snack. Describe what happens to hormones: |
Blood glucose rises->pancreas releases insulin->targets cells to absorb glucose from blood & causes liver to convert glucose to glycogen |
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What happens to hormones when blood glucose levels drop? |
The pancreas secreted glucagon->stimulates liver to convert glycogen back to glucose and release into blood |
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What is the name of glucose building up in the blood? |
Hyperglycemia |
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Explain glycosuria |
High levels of glucose build up in the blood. Normally kidneys filter plasma and convert it to urine. Removes glucose out of plasma and back into blood. High levels of glucose overwhelm kidneys and glucose spills into urine |
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What are the functions of blood? |
Delivers O2, removes wastes from cells, delivers nutrients, hormones, enzymes, immunity, regulates temp, role in acid base balance |
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What are the components of blood? |
Plasma(extra cellular matrix mainly water), RBCs, WBCs, platelets |
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What are the components of blood? |
Plasma(extra cellular matrix mainly water), RBCs, WBCs, platelets |
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Hemopoesis |
Blood production |
Genesis |
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What are Hemopoietic tissues? 2 types in body: |
Tissues that produce blood: Redbone marrow (all types) & lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes-type of WBCs) |
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Explain the RED BLOOD CELL and it's function: |
RBCs contain hemoglobin (red color). Hemoglobin has 4 globins (ribbons) that each have a heme molecule that can carry one molecule of 02. |
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Explain the RED BLOOD CELL and it's function: |
RBCs contain hemoglobin (red color). Hemoglobin has 4 globins (ribbons) that each have a heme molecule that can carry one molecule of 02. |
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What is oxyhemoglobin? |
One hemoglobin molecule can unite with 4 oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin |
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Explain the RED BLOOD CELL and it's function: |
RBCs contain hemoglobin (red color). Hemoglobin has 4 globins (ribbons) that each have a heme molecule that can carry one molecule of 02. |
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What is oxyhemoglobin? |
One hemoglobin molecule can unite with 4 oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin |
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How many molecules of hemoglobin are in 1 RBC? |
200 to 300 million |
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What are white blood cells responsible for? |
Bodies line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens |
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What are white blood cells responsible for? |
Bodies line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens |
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What role do platelets (thrombocytes) play in the blood? |
Key function is to stop bleeding (hemostasis) |
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What are white blood cells responsible for? |
Bodies line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens |
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What role do platelets (thrombocytes) play in the blood? |
Key function is to stop bleeding (hemostasis) |
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Steps in forming platelet plug; |
Break in blood vessel exposes collagen fibers, creates rough spot, triggers changes in passing platelets making them sticky |
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What are white blood cells responsible for? |
Bodies line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens |
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What role do platelets (thrombocytes) play in the blood? |
Key function is to stop bleeding (hemostasis) |
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Steps in forming platelet plug; |
Break in blood vessel exposes collagen fibers, creates rough spot, triggers changes in passing platelets making them sticky |
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What is a key component of blood clotting? |
An adequate level of ca+ in blood |
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What are white blood cells responsible for? |
Bodies line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens |
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What role do platelets (thrombocytes) play in the blood? |
Key function is to stop bleeding (hemostasis) |
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Steps in forming platelet plug; |
Break in blood vessel exposes collagen fibers, creates rough spot, triggers changes in passing platelets making them sticky |
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What is a key component of blood clotting? |
An adequate level of ca+ in blood |
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Steps in blood clotting: |
1. Platelets plug torn tissue 2.clotting factors (special proteins) reinforce platelets 3. Fibrin acts like glue 4. WBCs & RBCs (and other cells) support clot (scab is created). |
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What are white blood cells responsible for? |
Bodies line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens |
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What role do platelets (thrombocytes) play in the blood? |
Key function is to stop bleeding (hemostasis) |
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Steps in forming platelet plug; |
Break in blood vessel exposes collagen fibers, creates rough spot, triggers changes in passing platelets making them sticky |
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What is a key component of blood clotting? |
An adequate level of ca+ in blood |
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Steps in blood clotting: |
1. Platelets plug torn tissue 2.clotting factors (special proteins) reinforce platelets 3. Fibrin acts like glue 4. WBCs & RBCs (and other cells) support clot (scab is created). |
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What is a deficiency in one of the clotting factors called? |
Hemophilia |
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What are white blood cells responsible for? |
Bodies line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens |
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What role do platelets (thrombocytes) play in the blood? |
Key function is to stop bleeding (hemostasis) |
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Steps in forming platelet plug; |
Break in blood vessel exposes collagen fibers, creates rough spot, triggers changes in passing platelets making them sticky |
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What is a key component of blood clotting? |
An adequate level of ca+ in blood |
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Steps in blood clotting: |
1. Platelets plug torn tissue 2.clotting factors (special proteins) reinforce platelets 3. Fibrin acts like glue 4. WBCs & RBCs (and other cells) support clot (scab is created). |
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What is a deficiency in one of the clotting factors called? |
Hemophilia |
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What are the two antigens in blood cells? |
A and b |
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What are white blood cells responsible for? |
Bodies line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens |
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What role do platelets (thrombocytes) play in the blood? |
Key function is to stop bleeding (hemostasis) |
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Steps in forming platelet plug; |
Break in blood vessel exposes collagen fibers, creates rough spot, triggers changes in passing platelets making them sticky |
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What is a key component of blood clotting? |
An adequate level of ca+ in blood |
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Steps in blood clotting: |
1. Platelets plug torn tissue 2.clotting factors (special proteins) reinforce platelets 3. Fibrin acts like glue 4. WBCs & RBCs (and other cells) support clot (scab is created). |
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What is a deficiency in one of the clotting factors called? |
Hemophilia |
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What are the two antigens in blood cells? |
A and b |
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What is an unwanted blood clot called? |
Thrombus: could get lodged in arterie and result in death |
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What are white blood cells responsible for? |
Bodies line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens |
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What role do platelets (thrombocytes) play in the blood? |
Key function is to stop bleeding (hemostasis) |
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Steps in forming platelet plug; |
Break in blood vessel exposes collagen fibers, creates rough spot, triggers changes in passing platelets making them sticky |
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What is a key component of blood clotting? |
An adequate level of ca+ in blood |
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Steps in blood clotting: |
1. Platelets plug torn tissue 2.clotting factors (special proteins) reinforce platelets 3. Fibrin acts like glue 4. WBCs & RBCs (and other cells) support clot (scab is created). |
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What is a deficiency in one of the clotting factors called? |
Hemophilia |
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What are the two antigens in blood cells? |
A and b |
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What is an unwanted blood clot called? |
Thrombus: could get lodged in arterie and result in death |
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Where are antibodies found? |
Blood plasma |
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What are white blood cells responsible for? |
Bodies line of defense against invasion by infectious pathogens |
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What role do platelets (thrombocytes) play in the blood? |
Key function is to stop bleeding (hemostasis) |
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Steps in forming platelet plug; |
Break in blood vessel exposes collagen fibers, creates rough spot, triggers changes in passing platelets making them sticky |
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What is a key component of blood clotting? |
An adequate level of ca+ in blood |
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Steps in blood clotting: |
1. Platelets plug torn tissue 2.clotting factors (special proteins) reinforce platelets 3. Fibrin acts like glue 4. WBCs & RBCs (and other cells) support clot (scab is created). |
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What is a deficiency in one of the clotting factors called? |
Hemophilia |
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What are the two antigens in blood cells? |
A and b |
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What is an unwanted blood clot called? |
Thrombus: could get lodged in arterie and result in death |
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Where are antibodies found? |
Blood plasma |
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What can an antigen and an antibody be compared to? |
Antigen: ID badge Antibody: weapon to fight foreign invaders |
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Type A blood carries which antibodies? |
Type b antibodies. (AB blood carries no antibodies) |
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Type A blood carries which antibodies? |
Type b antibodies. (AB blood carries no antibodies) |
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Which antibodies does type o blood carry? |
Anti a and anti b antibodies |
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Who are the universal blood donors & recipients? |
Donor-type o (no antigens) Recipient- type ab |
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Who are the universal blood donors & recipients? |
Donor-type o (no antigens) Recipient- type ab |
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What part of the blood is used in transfusion and why? |
Only RBCs because plasma carries antibodies |
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What are the functions of the heart? |
Pump O2 rich blood to organs, return O2 poor blood back to lungs |
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What are the 4 chambers of the heart? |
Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left vebtricle |
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What are the 4 chambers of the heart? |
Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left vebtricle |
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What are the valves of the heart? In order of blood flow: |
Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve Bicuspid/mitral valve Aortic valve |
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What are the 4 chambers of the heart? |
Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left vebtricle |
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What are the valves of the heart? In order of blood flow: |
Tricuspid valve Pulmonary valve Bicuspid/mitral valve Aortic valve |
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Path of blood through heart: |
Inferior/superior vena cava Right atrium->tricuspid valve Right ventricle->pulmonaryvalve pulmonary artery->lungs Pulmonary veins->left atrium Bicuspid/mitral valve Left ventricle->aortic valve Aorta
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Types of blood vessels |
Arteries (carry blood away from heart) Veins (carry blood to heart) Capillaries (connect arteries and veins) |
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What does the lymphatic system consist of? |
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph, spleen, thymus, tonsils |
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What does the lymphatic system consist of? |
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph, spleen, thymus, tonsils |
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What role does the lymphatic system play? |
Immunity, fluid balance, production of immune cells |
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What does the lymphatic system consist of? |
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph, spleen, thymus, tonsils |
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What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system? |
Absorption of fats, maintenance of fluid, immunity |
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What do the lymphatic vessels empty their contents into? |
Right and left subclavian veins |
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What do the lymphatic vessels empty their contents into? |
Right and left subclavian veins |
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What role do the tonsils play in the lymphatic system? |
Tonsils form a protective circle at back of throat protecting from pathogens trying to enter through nose or throat |
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4 functions of the spleen: |
Hematopoiesis Destruction of old RBCs Immunity Blood storage |
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4 functions of the spleen: |
Hematopoiesis Destruction of old RBCs Immunity Blood storage |
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Steps of Inflammation |
1. Tissue injury causes histimine to be secreted which cause vasodilation 2. Blood rushes in (hyperemia) 3.histimine also causes increased permeability in capillary..fluid,WBCs, plasma proteins etc leak into interstitial space 4. WBCs come to area and kill stuff |
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4 functions of the spleen: |
Hematopoiesis Destruction of old RBCs Immunity Blood storage |
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Steps of Inflammation |
1. Tissue injury causes histimine to be secreted which cause vasodilation 2. Blood rushes in (hyperemia) 3.histimine also causes increased permeability in capillary..fluid,WBCs, plasma proteins etc leak into interstitial space 4. WBCs come to area and kill stuff |
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Explain the symptoms of inflammation and their causes: |
Redness-hyperemia Heat-hyperemia Swelling-fluid leaking into interstitial space Pain-pressure on nerves from swelling |
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Functions of the respiratory system |
Speech, absorb O2, eliminate co2, acid-base balance |
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Functions of the respiratory system |
Speech, absorb O2, eliminate co2, acid-base balance |
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Pathway of respiratory tract |
Nose/mouth (nasal cavity), pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
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female reproductive system parts and functions? |
Back (Definition) |
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Male reproductive parts and functions |
Back (Definition) |
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Organization of the body starting with atoms |
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, human organism |
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Organization of the body starting with atoms |
Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, human organism |
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4 types of tissues in body and functions: |
Muscular:contracts for movement;skeletal muscle/❤️ Epithelial:lines body surfaces;skin/walls of capillaries Connective:connects & supports parts of body;bone Nerve tissue:generates & transmits impulses;brain&nerve |
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Define matter, elements, compounds |
Matter:anything that occupies space & has mass Elements:pure substances; can't be broken down Compounds: 2 or more elements |
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Define matter, elements, compounds |
Matter:anything that occupies space & has mass Elements:pure substances; can't be broken down Compounds: 2 or more elements |
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Energy is: |
The capacity to do work |
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Define matter, elements, compounds |
Matter:anything that occupies space & has mass Elements:pure substances; can't be broken down Compounds: 2 or more elements |
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Energy is: |
The capacity to do work |
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Metabolism is: |
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
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Define matter, elements, compounds |
Matter:anything that occupies space & has mass Elements:pure substances; can't be broken down Compounds: 2 or more elements |
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Energy is: |
The capacity to do work |
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Metabolism is: |
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
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Define anabolism: |
Building up of complex molecules from smaller sub units, requires energy obtained from atp |
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Define matter, elements, compounds |
Matter:anything that occupies space & has mass Elements:pure substances; can't be broken down Compounds: 2 or more elements |
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Energy is: |
The capacity to do work |
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Metabolism is: |
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
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Define anabolism: |
Building up of complex molecules from smaller sub units, requires energy obtained from atp |
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Define catabolism |
Breaking down of complex compounds. Releases energy. |
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Define matter, elements, compounds |
Matter:anything that occupies space & has mass Elements:pure substances; can't be broken down Compounds: 2 or more elements |
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Energy is: |
The capacity to do work |
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Metabolism is: |
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
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Define anabolism: |
Building up of complex molecules from smaller sub units, requires energy obtained from atp |
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Define catabolism |
Breaking down of complex compounds. Releases energy. |
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3 Characteristics of water |
Solvent Changes temp slowly Lubricant |
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Define matter, elements, compounds |
Matter:anything that occupies space & has mass Elements:pure substances; can't be broken down Compounds: 2 or more elements |
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Energy is: |
The capacity to do work |
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Metabolism is: |
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body |
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Define anabolism: |
Building up of complex molecules from smaller sub units, requires energy obtained from atp |
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Define catabolism |
Breaking down of complex compounds. Releases energy. |
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3 Characteristics of water |
Solvent Changes temp slowly Lubricant |
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What is cellular respiration? |
The production of energy within cells |
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What does the body use carbs for? |
Energy |
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What does the body use carbs for? |
Energy |
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Ph levels |
Acid-less than 7 Base-greater than 7 Neutral-7 |
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What does the body use carbs for? |
Energy |
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Ph levels |
Acid-less than 7 Base-greater than 7 Neutral-7 |
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What does the body use lipids for? |
Reserve supply of energy, structure to cell membranes, insulating nerves, serving as vitamins, cushion to protect organs |
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What does the body use carbs for? |
Energy |
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Ph levels |
Acid-less than 7 Base-greater than 7 Neutral-7 |
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What does the body use lipids for? |
Reserve supply of energy, structure to cell membranes, insulating nerves, serving as vitamins, cushion to protect organs |
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What does the body use proteins for? |
Most abundant organic compound in body. The structure of every cell and most of its metabolic functions depend on protien |
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What does the body use carbs for? |
Energy |
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Ph levels |
Acid-less than 7 Base-greater than 7 Neutral-7 |
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What does the body use lipids for? |
Reserve supply of energy, structure to cell membranes, insulating nerves, serving as vitamins, cushion to protect organs |
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What does the body use proteins for? |
Most abundant organic compound in body. The structure of every cell and most of its metabolic functions depend on protien |
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Name some of the body's proteins: |
Keratin(strength to nails,hair etc) Collagen(structure to bones,cartilage, teeth) Enzymes (act as catalysts for crucial chemical reactions) Hemoglobin(carries oxygen in blood) |
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What does the body use carbs for? |
Energy |
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Ph levels |
Acid-less than 7 Base-greater than 7 Neutral-7 |
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What does the body use lipids for? |
Reserve supply of energy, structure to cell membranes, insulating nerves, serving as vitamins, cushion to protect organs |
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What does the body use proteins for? |
Most abundant organic compound in body. The structure of every cell and most of its metabolic functions depend on protien |
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Name some of the body's proteins: |
Keratin(strength to nails,hair etc) Collagen(structure to bones,cartilage, teeth) Enzymes (act as catalysts for crucial chemical reactions) Hemoglobin(carries oxygen in blood) |
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What exactly are proteins? |
Very large molecules consisting of smaller chemical subunits called amino acids |
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What does the body use carbs for? |
Energy |
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Ph levels |
Acid-less than 7 Base-greater than 7 Neutral-7 |
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What does the body use lipids for? |
Reserve supply of energy, structure to cell membranes, insulating nerves, serving as vitamins, cushion to protect organs |
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What does the body use proteins for? |
Most abundant organic compound in body. The structure of every cell and most of its metabolic functions depend on protien |
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Name some of the body's proteins: |
Keratin(strength to nails,hair etc) Collagen(structure to bones,cartilage, teeth) Enzymes (act as catalysts for crucial chemical reactions) Hemoglobin(carries oxygen in blood) |
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What exactly are proteins? |
Very large molecules consisting of smaller chemical subunits called amino acids |
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What does a cell use, and waste? |
Uses glucose, oxygen Wastes H+, heat, co2 |
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What are microvilli and where are they found? |
Increase SA for absorption, found in intestines |
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What are microvilli and where are they found? |
Increase SA for absorption, found in intestines |
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What are cilia? |
Hair like projections that move particles out of lungs, or propel embryo/egg to uterus |
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Explain diffusion |
Particles moving from an area of high concentration to and area of low concentration |
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Explain diffusion |
Particles moving from an area of high concentration to and area of low concentration |
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Define osmosis |
The diffusion of water moving down the concentration gradient (from high to low) through selectively permeable membrane |
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Explain diffusion |
Particles moving from an area of high concentration to and area of low concentration |
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Define osmosis |
The diffusion of water moving down the concentration gradient (from high to low) through selectively permeable membrane |
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Define isotonic solution |
A solution where the concentration of solutes is the same as within the cell |
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Explain diffusion |
Particles moving from an area of high concentration to and area of low concentration |
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Define osmosis |
The diffusion of water moving down the concentration gradient (from high to low) through selectively permeable membrane |
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Define isotonic solution |
A solution where the concentration of solutes is the same as within the cell |
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Define hypertonic solution |
A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than within the cell. Cell shrivels in this solution |
Water follows stuff |
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Explain diffusion |
Particles moving from an area of high concentration to and area of low concentration |
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Define osmosis |
The diffusion of water moving down the concentration gradient (from high to low) through selectively permeable membrane |
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Define isotonic solution |
A solution where the concentration of solutes is the same as within the cell |
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Define hypertonic solution |
A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than within the cell. Cell shrivels in this solution |
Water follows stuff |
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Define hypotonic solution |
A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than within cell. Water diffuses into a cell in this solution and cell swells, bursts |
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What can stem cells differentiate into? |
Liver cells, skin cells, blood cells |
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What can stem cells differentiate into? |
Liver cells, skin cells, blood cells |
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3 layers of cell after fertilization: |
Ectoderm(outer layer) Endoderm(inner layer) Mesoderm(middle layer) |
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What can stem cells differentiate into? |
Liver cells, skin cells, blood cells |
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3 layers of cell after fertilization: |
Ectoderm(outer layer) Endoderm(inner layer) Mesoderm(middle layer) |
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What is differentiation? |
When cells specialize |
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What is epithelial tissues functions? |
Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion |
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What is epithelial tissues functions? |
Protection, absorption, filtration, secretion |
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Difference between exocrine and endocrine gland: |
Exocrine secretes products into ducts Endocrine secretes products into blood |
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What is collagen responsible for? |
Most abundant protein, helps form tendons, ligaments, matrix of cartilage & bone, deep layer of skin |
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What is collagen responsible for? |
Most abundant protein, helps form tendons, ligaments, matrix of cartilage & bone, deep layer of skin |
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What do tendons and ligaments connect? |
Tendons connect muscle to bone Ligaments connect bone to bone |
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What is extracellular matrix? |
Component of connective tissue. Framework for cells. Ex. Fluid is bloods extracellular matrix |
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What is extracellular matrix? |
Component of connective tissue. Framework for cells. Ex. Fluid is bloods extracellular matrix |
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Types of muscle tissue; |
Smooth(involuntary) Cardiac (involuntary) Skeletal (voluntary) |
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Define regeneration: |
When damaged tissue returns to normal with full function |
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Define regeneration: |
When damaged tissue returns to normal with full function |
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Define fibrosis: |
When damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue and possibly loses some function |
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Define regeneration: |
When damaged tissue returns to normal with full function |
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Define fibrosis: |
When damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue and possibly loses some function |
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Tissue repair steps: |
Cut, blood clot forms, scab on top, wbcs inject bacteria&debris, new granulation tissue is formed, fibroblasts in tissue secrete |
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What do fibroblasts secrete? What does it form? |
Collagen. Forms scar tissue in tissue repair |
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