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61 Cards in this Set

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Venus of Willendorf, c. 28,000-21000 BCE., limestone

reproductive organs emphasized
deemphasized arms, face, legs and no feet
hair in clumps arranged in rows
fertility symbol?
small - ment to be handheld
Woman Holding Bison Horn, from Laussel, France, ca. 25,000-20,000 BCE. Painted limestone, 1'6" high

freestanding, one of the earliest relief sculptures
reproductive organs emphasized and left arm arm draws attention to the midsection and pubic area fertility symbol?
meaning is debated
featureless face
Lascaux Cave Painting, Hall of Bulls, France, ca. 15,000 - 13,000 BCE. Largest bull 11' 6" long

colored silhouettes and outlined
differences in style and technique suggest painted at different times
different animals running in different directions
twisted perspective
Bison, Altamira Spain, detail of a painting ceiling in the cave at Altamira, ca. 12,000 - 11,000 BCE. Each bison 5' long

no ground line or indication of setting - artist was representing animals and interaction not place
in profile
Bison with turned head, fragmentary spearthrower, from La Madeleine, France, ca. 12,000 BCE. Reindeer horn, 4" long

sculptor turn head to keep profile view
detailed
Spotted Horse, Pech-Merle, France, ca. 22,000 BCE. painting, 11' 2" long

painted hands - signatures of cult or community?
horse might be inspired by rock formation
Rhinoceros, wounded man, and disemboweled bison, painting in the well of the cave at Lascaux, France, ca. 15,000 - 13,000 BCE. Bison 3'8" long

two animals draw by different ppl?
man less detailed then animals
if paintings of 2 animals and bird-faced (masked?) man depict a hunting scene, they constitute the earliest example of narrative art ever discovered.
Human figure with feline head, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, Germany, ca. 30,000 - 28,0000 BCE. Mammoth ivory, 11 5/8 " high

one of the oldest sculptures
large ivory figure (important to maker)
unknown if it depicts a composite creature or a human in mask
represents something imagined?
Two Bison, reliefs in a cave at Le Tuc d'Audobert, France, ca. 15,000 - 10,000 BCE. Clay, each 2' long

sculptor built these with a stone spatula-like smoothing tool and fingers to shape details
strict profile
largest Paleolithic sculptures known
Deer Hunt, Catal Hoyuk, detail of a wall painting from Level III, Catal Hoyuk, Turkey, ca. 5750 BCE.

neolithic painter depicted human figures as a composite of frontal and profile views, the most descriptive picture of the shape of the human body
exaggeration of movement
Stonehenge, c. 2100 B.C.E., Wiltshire, England

post-and-lintel / mortise-and-tenon building
megaliths in center are over 20 feet + form a horseshoe around a flat stone
some stones over 50 tons
oriented toward sunrise on the longest day of the year ? ; may also predict eclipses
Human figure, Ain Ghazal, Jordan, ca. 6750 - 6250 BCE. Plaster, painted and inlaid with bitumen, 3' 5 3/8" high

dozens of these things were found, some with two heads
white plaster statuettes
earliest large sculptures known
ritually buried?
Tell ASmar Statues, from the Square Temple at Eshnunna, Iraq, ca. 2700 BCE. Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone, male figure 2' 6" high

different heights, denoting hierarchy of scale
hands folded in gesture of prayer
eyes in awe - spellbound- staring at deity?
men - bare upper chest; skirt waist down / women - dress draped over one shoulder
figures represent mortals, placed in a temple and praying - to the god Abu?
Warka Vase, from Uruk (modern Warka), Iraq, ca. 3200-3000 BCE. Alabaster, 3' 1/4" high

oldest known of sumerian narrative art
registers
break with the haphazard figure placement found in earlier art
Standard of Ur, from tomb 779, Royal Cemetery, Ur (modern Tell Muqayyar), Iraq, ca. 2600 BCE. Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone, 8' * 1' 7"

war side and peace side; two halves of narrative?; early example
war side: sumerian king (taller) has descended from his chariot to inspect captives brought before him, some debased by their nakedness; chariots advance over the dead in lower register
profile figures + broad frontal shoulders
emphasis on eyes, eyebrows, ears
Lyre-Sound Box, from tomb 789, Royal Cemetery, Ur, Iraq, ca. 2600 BCE

lyre: gold leaf and lapis lazuli over a wooden core, 5'5 high
sound box: wood with inlaid gold, lapis lazuli, and shell, 1' 7" high
lyre has bull head
4 registers? : 1st level- sumerian wrestling two-headed bulls, 2nd level - wolf carries a table with animal parts, preparing for a ceremony; lion bears wine, 3rd - donkey plays bull harp; bear dances, 4th - scorpion man
animals in profile, frontal shoulders
Seated Gudea, from Girsu, Iraq, ca. 2100 BCE. Diorite, 2' 5" high

folded hands; long fine fingers
right arm bare
broad shoulders, narrow waist, simple contours
sense of calm, peaceful
Diorite, an expensive stone, proclaims the wealth of the owner and importance of the subject
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, from Susa, Iran, 2254 - 2218 BCE. Pink sandstone, 6' 7" high

Naram-Sin defies himself as the composition leads him up the mountain to the heavens (stars)
Victory blessed by the gods (sun)
king wears horned crown of divinity, bow and arrow, battle axe in hollow arm
defeated soldiers beg for mercy
hierarchy of scale
figures in composite view
Stele code of Hammurabi, from Susa, Iran, ca. 1780 BCE. Basalt, 7' 4" high.

one of law codes ever written
sun god handing hammurabi rope, ring, and rod of kingship
shamash's beard is fuller
stare at each other directly but shoulders are frontal with composite views
300 laws
Jericho, Great stone tower built into the settlement wall, ca. 8000 - 7000 BCE.

Neolithic Jericho was protected by 5-foot-thick walls and at least one stone tower 30 feet high and 33 feet in diameter - an outstanding achievement that marks the beginning of monumental architecture
defense system?
Ishtar Gate, Babylon, Iraq, ca. 575 BCE.

glazed brick covers mud walls of the city
animals guard the entrance to the city
lions sacred to the goddess ishtar
crenellations give a warlike appearance to gate
lions sacred to the goddess ishtar
crenellations give a warlike appearance to gate
Lion Gate, Hattusa, Turkey, ca. 1400 BCE.

gate to city
guardian lions
massive impression
mud brick
Lamassu, from the citadel of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin, Iraq, ca. 720 - 705 BCE. Limestone, 13' 10" high

5 legs: when seen from front seems to be standing at attention, from front seems to be walking by you
meant to ward off enemies visible and invisible
human-winged-animal
Lion Hunt, relief from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal, Nineveh, Iraq, ca. 645-640 BCE. Gypsum, 5' 4" high

one of oldest narratives
emotions in animals - not humans
ground line
bold contours
shows power over nature
Palace of Sargon II, Dur Sharrukin, Iraq, ca. 720 - 705 BCE.

fortified walls enclosed courtyards, a throne room, service quarters, guard rooms, a great ziggurat, and six sanctuaries
Palace at Perepolis, Iran, ca. 521- 465 BCE.

created by darius and xerxes... alexander destroyed it
mud bricks and stone face
lamassu gates
relief sculptures depict delegations from all parts of the empire bringing gifts to be stored in the local treasury; Darius selected this central location in Persia to ensure protection of the treasury
columns had a bell-shaped base that is an inverted lotus blossom, capitals are bulls or lions
carved into the stairs are Immortals
Palace of Shapur I, Ctesiphon, Iraq, ca. 250 CE.

built by Sassanian Persian rulers
brick audience hall
arches and barrel vault - Roman influence
Palette of Narmer, from Hierakonpolis, Egypt, Predynastic, ca. 3000 - 2920 BCE. Slate, 2' 1"

King Narmer uniting upper and lower Egypt
the god, Hathor, is depicted four times
hierarchy of scale
Narmer wears crowns of upper and lower Egypt
lioness with elongated necks, symbolizing unification?
hawk is Horus - God of Egypt
bulls tail symbolizes strength
Mortuary Precinct, Saqqara, Egypt, third Dynasty, ca. 2630 - 2611 BCE

pyramid was the centerpiece of an immense funerary complex that included a mortuary temple, other buildings, and courtyards. its network of underground galleries resembled a palace
Stepped Pyramid of Imhotep, Saqqara, Egypt, third Dynasty, ca. 2630 - 2611 BCE

by Imhotep, 1st known artist
six steps
staircase to heaven?
1st complex of only stone
burial is underground
Detail of columns of the Djoser complex, Saqqara, Egypt, third Dynasty, ca. 2630 - 2611 BCE

engaged to the walls and have shafts and capitals resembling papyrus stalks and blossoms
Ti Watching Hippo Hunt, relief in the mastaba of Ti, Saqqara, Egypt, Fifth Dynasty, ca. 2450 - 2350 BCE. Painted limestone, 4' high

Ti - government official
glides through the papyri, which flower into a fan of birds and foxes
hunt is memorial to the dead - fight against evil
servants hunt hippopotami (pest)
Ti is double everyones size
Seated Scribe, Saqqara, Eygypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2500 BCE. Painted limestone, 1' 9" high

created as provision for the ka
wooden sculpture n realistic features - not pharaoh
conventional
attentive expression
Menkaure and his wife, Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2490 - 2472 BCE. Graywacke, 4' 6.5" high

the double portrait displays the conventional postures used for statues designed as substitute homes for the ka
frozen gestures signify that the man and woman are married
Khafre enthroned, Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2520 - 2494 BCE. Diorite, 5'6" high

idealized
falcon god behind him - incarnation - appointed
interlocking of plants at bottom - symbol of united Egypt
frontal, rigid, cubic, motionless, symmetrical
not cut away from stone
proportions
Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, Menkamure - ca. 2490 - 2472 BCE, Khafre - ca. 2520 - 2494 BCE, and Khufu, ca. 2551 - 2528 BCE

monuments to dead pharaohs - with mortuary temples
buried in pyramid
each side oriented toward a point on the compass
Sphinx, Gizeh, Egypt, Fourth Dynasty, ca. 2520 - 2494 BCE. Sandstone

body of a lion, head of god or pharaoh
generalized features
carved from rock
protected by pyramids?
cats are looked at as royal
Interior of tomb of Amenemhet, Beni Hsan, Egypt, 12th Dynasty, ca. 1950 - 1900 BCE

columnar hall of tomb was carved out of the living rock - explains the suspended broken column at the rear
shafts are fluted in a manner Greek architects later emulated
Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Behri, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1473 - 1458 BCE

3 colonnaded terraces and 2 ramps
visually coordinated with the natural setting
long horizontals and verticals of the terraces and colonnades repeat the patterns of the cliffs behind; patterns of dark and light in the colonnade are reflected in the cliffs
terraces were originally planted as gardens with exotic trees
1st time achievements of a women are celebrated in art
Hatshepsut with offering jars, Deir el-Behri, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1473 - 1458 BCE, 8' 6" high

many portraits were destroyed after death
this one was put together
depicts the queen as a male pharaoh with false beard
inscription calling her "His Majesty"
Temple of Rames II, Abu Simbel, Egypt, 19th Dynasty, ca. 1290 - 1224 BCE. Sandstone, colossi 65' high

rock-cut tomb resembles a pylon
huge seated quartet of statues of Ramses on the facade, carved in situ
sun god placed over the entrance
facade at one time was brightly painted
royal family located between Ramses' legs
sun enters the center of the tomb on Ramses' birthday, October 21, lighting up his statue deep interior
interior sculptures of Ramses are carved in reserve
Hypostyle hall of Karnak, temple of Amen-Re, Egypt, 19th Dynasty, ca. 1290 - 1224 BCE

huge columns, tightly packed together, admitting little light into the sanctuary
hypostyle halls
columns elaborately painted
Massive lintels bind the columns together
Axial plan
Senmut with Princess Nefrua, Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1470 - 1460 BCE. Granite, 3' .5"

new kingdom block statues exhibit an even more radical simplification of form than do old kingdom statues
Hatshepsut's chancellor holds the queen's daughter in his "lap" and envelops her in his cloak
Fowling Scene, tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1400 - 1350 BCE. Fresco on dry plaster, 2' 8" high

Nebamun's wife and daughter - depicted smaller than the deceased - accompany him on his hunt for fowl
painted inscription states that Nebamun is enjoying recreation in his eternal afterlife
Musician and Dancers, tomb of Nebamun, Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1400 - 1350 BCE. Fresco on dry plaster, 1' * 2' 3"

second fresco in Nebamun's tomb represents a funerary banquet in which the artist experimented with frontal views of faces and bodies - a relaxation of the old kingdom's stiff rules of representation
Akhenaton, temple of Aton, Karnak, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353 - 1335 BCE. Sandstone, 13' high

body has same pose pose in old kingdom sculptures, but features are smoother, more relaxed; new image of a pharaoh
curving contours, epicene body, slack lip, long face, heavy-lidded eyes
tight clothes, big hips
amarna style
Nefertiti, Amarna, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353 - 1335 BCE. Painted limestone,1' 8" high

wife of akhenton
long, elegant neck
realistic face; soft, delicate new kingdom features
demonstration model for copying?
amarna style
Tiye, Ghurab, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353 - 1335 BCE. Wood , with gold, silver, alabaster, and lapis lazuli, 3.75" high

portrait of Akhenaton's mother is carved of dark yew wood, probably to match the queen's complexion
head was remodeled during her son's reign to remove all references to traditional deities
Tutankhamen, Thebes, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1323 BCE. Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones, 6' 1" long

famous tomb discovered by howard cater
buried with 143 objects on him - gold mask
gold coffin, with body
idealized

undulating curves replace rigid lines
mood is informal
circle - sun god
Temple of Horus, Edufu, Egypt, ca. 237-47 BCE

same basic architecture scheme as the temple at Karnak
Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters, Amarna, Egypt, 18th Dynasty, ca. 1353 - 1335 BCE. Limestone, 1' 1/4" high

undulating curves replace rigid lines
mood is informal
circle - sun god
Cycladic female figures, Syros, Greece, ca. 2500 - 2300 BCE. Marble, 1' 6" high

nude women, arms folded about waists
very thin figures with prominent heads
meant to be on their backs
wedge-shaped pelvis
painted facial features, heads tilted
Male lyre player, Keros, Greece, ca. 2700 - 2500 BCE. Marble, 9" high

male figures
simple geometric shapes
large flat planes
head tilted
just holding harp, not really playing
Palace of Knossos, Greece, ca. 1700 - 1400 BCE

central courtyard w/ flanking rooms
open air chambers
labyrinthine ground plan
columns - red/ white, wood, taper smaller at bottom
capitals - black
Spring Fresco, Akrotiri, Thera, Greece, ca. 1650 BCE. Fresco, 7' 6" high

one of the earliest pure landscapes in existence
joyful patterns of undulating lines and fanciful plant forms dominate composition
cheerful application of color
simple shallows in air
Toreador Fresco, Knossos, Greece, ca. 1450 - 1400 BCE. Fresco, 2' 8" high

ritual showing two women + man umping bull?
males have darker skin
thin waists, in profile
sweeping curved lines
painting
Snake Goddess, Knossos, Greece, ca. 1600 BCE. Faience, 1' 1.5" high

goddess? Fertility image?
minoan thin waist, breast
skirt in layer, apron on top
wide-eyed
snakes in each hand
Corbelled Gallery, Tirynes, Greece, ca. 1400 - 1200 BCE

cyclopean masonry, projects power
corbel vault
walls look massive but actually tight spaced
Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece, ca. 1300 - 1250 BCE. Limestone, relief panel 9' 6" high

triangular group over doorway, early pediment on a post-lintel gate
lions? column
narrow, tall passage way
for defense
Beehive Tomb, vault of the tholos of the Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, ca. 1300 - 1200 BCE

long entranceway
tomb?
corbel vaulted interior - largest till romans
precision cutting of stone
Funerary Mask, Grave Circle A, Mycenae, Greece, ca. 1600- 1500 BCE Beaten gold, 1' high

comes from royal shaft grave
one of the first attempts at life-size sculpture in Greece