A&p 7

Front 1

movement through the digestive tract

Back 1

starts with oral cavity--> pharynx--> esophagus--

stomach--> small intestine--> large intestine-->

leaves the body

Front 2

Mechanicaldigestion

Back 2

• voluntary

• Biting

• Chewing

• Swallowing

Front 3

Chemicaldigestion

Back 3

• involuntary.

Chemical breakdown of food:

• Gastricbreakdown

• Intestinalabsorption

Front 4

gastric breakdown

Back 4

Further break down of foodn the stomach

Front 5

Intestinal absorption

Back 5

intestinal capillariesare drawing out nutrients though the intestinal wall and into the circularity system

Front 6

Tongue

Back 6

a muscle

• Muscular accessory organ to the digestivetract

• Function: aids in chewing process,

coveredwith “papillae”

Front 7

Fungiform papillae

Back 7

mushroom shape/suctioncup- contain many taste buds.

They serve as a sensory structure that pick updifferent types of taste

Front 8

Filiform papillae

Back 8

cone shaped used in domesticanimals for grooming

Front 9

Tip of tongue

Back 9

sweetness

Front 10

Side of tongue

Back 10

salt

Front 11

Middle/back of tongue

Back 11

sour

Front 12

3 Salivary Glands to know

Back 12

• Parotid-high, very large

• Mandibular-near mandible

• Sublingual-under the tongue

Front 13

Salivary glands

Back 13

Aids in Chemical digestion

Front 14

Saliva

Back 14

consists mostly of water and salts

Helpswith chemical digestion in the stomach

Front 15

2Enzymes of saliva

Back 15

• Amylase-enzyme that breaks down starch

Lipase – enzyme breaks down fat

Front 16

Amylase

Back 16

enzyme that breaks down starch

Front 17

Lipase

Back 17

enzyme breaks down fat

Front 18

Sialocele

Back 18

salivary duct gets blocked-then swollen gland

Front 19

Sialolith

Back 19

if salvia get backed up foralong time, they create stones

Front 20

Eruption times

Back 20

time it takes a tooth tobecome visible above the gum line

• Deciduousteeth (2-3 weeks)

• Adultteeth (3-4 months)

Front 21

Dentition

Back 21

The number of teeth that an animal should have

Front 22

Felinedentition

Back 22

30 teethtotal

I C P M

3 1 3 1

--------------- X 2

3 1 2 1

Front 23

Caninedentition

Back 23

42 teethtotal

I C P M

3 1 4 2

------------------ X 2

3 1 4 3

Front 24

Bovinedentition

Back 24

total teeth = 32

0-0-3-3

3-1-3-3

Front 25

EquineDentition

Back 25

Adult: 40-42 teeth total

I C P M

3 1 3 3

--------------------- X 2

3 1 ¾ 3

Front 26

Dentalpad

Back 26

space on upper incisive on a ruminet. bone containing no teeth

Front 27

Wolf Teeth

Back 27

In a Horse

rudimentary upper 1stpremolar

Front 28

· Occlusal surface

Back 28

Biting/grinding surface of thetooth

Front 29

Buccal

Back 29

surface of the tooth that has contactwith the cheeks

Front 30

Palatal

Back 30

(upper arcade)

surface of the toothclosest to the hard palate

Front 31

Lingual

Back 31

(lower archade)

surface of the lowerteeth that come in contact with the tongue

Front 32

Labial

Back 32

teeth at the front of the oral cavity(incisor) comes in contact with the lips

Front 33

Mesial

Back 33

oblique surface of the tooth that facesthe opening of oral cavity

Front 34

Distal

Back 34

oblique surface of the tooth faces theback of the oral cavity

Front 35

Crown, neck, root, of the tooth

Back 35

1. portion of the tooth that you can see,above the gum line

2. portion of the tooth that is level withthe gingival tissue

3. portion of the tooth that you can’t see,sits below the gum line

Front 36

Gingiva

Back 36

gum tissue. Mucous membrane

Front 37

Gingival sulcus

Back 37

space between the gingivaltissue and the root of the tooth.

Should be snug

Front 38

Enamel

Back 38

hardest structure in the body.

White ofthe tooth.

The outer surface of the tooth.

Covers everything, but thicker on thecrown

Front 39

Dentin

Back 39

just under the enamel.

Hard.

Darker incolor.

Bulk of the tooth.

Front 40

Cementum

Back 40

that covers only the roots of theteeth.

Provide a surface to the root of the tooth that ligaments can attach too

Front 41

Apical foramen

Back 41

hole in tooth of tooth thatblood vessels, nerves and lymphaticvessels run through

Front 42

Pulp chamber

Back 42

extension of blood vessels that runsup into the crown of the tooth

Front 43

Alveolar bone

Back 43

bone tissue around the roots ofthe tooth.

Very porous, light

Front 44

Periodontal ligaments

Back 44

ligaments that attach tothe cementum of the root anchoring the root of the tooth to surrounding bone.

Front 45

Carries

Back 45

cavity.

Big black hole

Front 46

Caps

Back 46

retained equine deciduous teeth

Front 47

esophagus

Back 47

liesdorsal to the trachea

Long hollow tube, flat and collapsed,

Front 48

Megaesophagus

Back 48

the abnormal stretching of the walls of the esophagus. Born with it andprogress with age

Front 49

Acid reflux

Back 49

Malfunctionof the cardia sphincter

Front 50

gastroesophagealsphincter

Back 50

(cardia sphincter)

a sphincter between the esophagus and stomach.Very strong. Opens to allow food to enter the stomach, and closes to helpprevent backflow from the stomach

Front 51

Peritoneum

Back 51

long continuous sheet of connective tissuethat lines the abdominal pelvic cavity, and extends inward to form a layer oftissue around every organ

Front 52

4 major components of visceral peritoneum

Back 52

(one continuous structure)

1. GreaterOmentum

2. Falciform& coronary ligaments

3. Mesentery

4. Mesocolon

Front 53

Greater and Lesser Omentum

Back 53

GreaterOmentum- anchored to the greater curvature of the stomach

Lesser omentum- anchored to the lessercurvature of the stomach. (not very much of it)

Omentum is engorged with fat, appears fattyand white.

Front 54

Falciform & coronary ligaments

Back 54

peritoneum that surrounds the liver.

Falciform ligament-anchor the liver to thewall of the abdomen

Coronary ligament- anchor the lobes of theliver together

Front 55

Mesocolon

Back 55

folds over and anchors the large intestine to the abdominal wall. Smaller than mesentery

Front 56

Mesentery

Back 56

Folds of peritoneum that anchor thesmall intestine to the body wall.

Within the folds are also blood vessels,lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, gland=pancreas.

Front 57

Retroperitoneal

Back 57

behind the peritoneum

Front 58

Structuresthat are retroperitoneal:

Back 58

1. Kidneys-

2. Parts of the ureters

3. Ovaries

4.Parts of the uterus

Front 59

Stomach

Back 59

Location- sits in the left upper corner ofthe abdomen

Function- further digestion of food.

Appearance- bag

Front 60

Greatercurvature

Back 60

large side of the stomach- greater omentum

Front 61

Lessercurvature

Back 61

smaller curve side of stomach- lesser omentum

Front 62

Fundus

Back 62

portion of the stomach that extends cranial, next to the esophagus

Front 63

Body of the stomach

Back 63

main middle portion

Front 64

Pyloricantrum

Back 64

extension of the stomach before the small intestine

Front 65

Pyloric sphincter

Back 65

muscle between the pyloric antrum and the duodenum

Front 66

Stomach wall – 4 layers

Back 66

1. Serosa-visceral peritoneum – outer most layer

2. Muscularis(forms “rugae”)- muscle tissue. 3. Submucosa- contains vasculature

4. Mucosa- inner mostlayer

Front 67

Function of the Muscularis of the stomach

Back 67

(forms “rugae”)- muscle tissue. Relax=rugae. Can move in all directions due tothe 3 layers: (helps break down food further)

Front 68

Muscularis layers

Of the stomach

Back 68

• Longitudinal-striations go to length of the stomach

• Circular-striations wrap around horizontally

• Oblique-inner most layer. striations go in oblique direction to stomach

Front 69

Serosa

Back 69

visceral peritoneum –

outer most layer

Front 70

Submucosa

Back 70

contains most vasculature of stomach wall

Front 71

Mucosa

Back 71

inner mostlayer

Front 72

lamina propria

Back 72

series of cells designed forchemical digestion in the stomach

Front 73

Cells of the lamina propria

Back 73

• G-cells

• Parietalcells

• Chiefcells

Mucous cells

Front 74

G-cells

Back 74

gastrin production (hormone).

Push the gastrin into the blood stream,and searches for specific receptors to bind in the walls of the stomach.

Foodstimulates the g- cells.

Front 75

Parietalcells

Back 75

HCL production.

Chemical breakdown of food.

If pH gets off balance it can cause an ulcer.

Front 76

Chiefcells

Back 76

pepsinogen production.

To bind with HCL

Front 77

Mucous cells

Back 77

mucus production.

Goblet cells.

Buffer of acid and wall of stomach

Front 78

Pepsin

Back 78

main digestive enzyme

pepsin= pepsinogen+ HCL

Front 79

Gastrin

Back 79

Stimulates the musculature of thestomach call to start contracting.

Also stimulates other mucosal cells to start producing theirother stuff

Front 80

Gastric physiology

Back 80

stimulus of themusculature (muscularis) to create a churning motion of the stomach wall andthe production of the enzymes from the mucosa for further chemical digestion offood.

Front 81

chyme

Back 81

slushy breakdown of food.

Food becomechyme but the nutrients haven not been taken out.

Front 82

SmallIntestine

Back 82

Location: extends from the stomach to thelarge intestine.

Function: where nutrients are absorb fromfood and go into the blood stream.

Anatomy: long loose tube, anchored down by mesentery

Front 83

3 sections of the Small Intestine

Back 83

1. duodenum- short region. 1stregion. Common bile duct empties into it. Not a lot of absorption yet.

2. jejunum- 2nd region- largestregion. 80% of absorbs ion

3. ileum- 3rd region. Short. End ofSI

Front 84

Peyers Patches

Back 84

patches of lymphatic tissuethat are built into the all of the ilium

Front 85

4 layers of the Small Intestine

Back 85

1. Serosa- outer most layer.Visceral peritoneum 2. Muscularis ( 2 layers)

3. submucosa- vasculature (mesentericarteries, capillaries)

4. Mucosa- inner layer, lines thelumen.

Front 86

Layers of the Muscularis of the Small Intestine

Back 86

a. Longitudinal- outer mostmuscle layer, go length wise

b. circular- inner layer.

Front 87

Villi

Back 87

folds of the small intestine to createmore surface=more digestive cells.

Front 88

Microvilli

Back 88

(brush border)

tiny hair like structures.

Help with absorption process.

Front 89

Lacteal

Back 89

large lymphaticcapillary

Front 90

types of Digestive cells

Back 90

(lamina propia)

1. Mucosalcells

2. Absorptive cells

3. Paneth cells

Front 91

Absorptive cells

Back 91

cells that help aid in absrobsion

Front 92

Paneth cells

Back 92

produce lysozyme

SI

Front 93

Lysozyme

Back 93

an enzyme that helps break down bacteria

Front 94

S cells

Back 94

produce “secretin” hormone

In SI

Front 95

Secretin

Back 95

a. travels to walls of stomach and tells the stomach to slow churning.

B. Returns to the wall of the SI (throughvasculature) and stimulate all the other mucosal cells to start working

Front 96

CCKcells

Back 96

produce “cholecystokinin”

Intestinal hormone cell. SI

Front 97

cholecystokinin

Back 97

a hormone that travels to the walls of the gallbladder (viabloodstream) and tell the walls of gallbladder to start contracting.

When itcontracts, it pushes excess bile into SI (duodenum), and helps to break downfat.

Front 98

K cells

Back 98

(glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide)

Help control levels of glucose inthe body

Front 99

Function of the Large intestine

Back 99

absorption of water andelectrolytes

Front 100

Three regions of the Large Intestine

Back 100

1. cecum

2. colon (3 sections)

3. sigmoid colon/ rectum

Front 101

cecum

Back 101

(blind pouch)-

beginning of the large intestine, right after ileumof small intestine.

Next to appendix

Front 102

3 sections of the colon

Back 102

colon is the majority of the LI a. Ascending- travel to caudal to cranial on the right side of the abdomen

b. Transverse- high in abdomen and travels from the right to left of theabdomen

c. Descending- on the left side of abdomen, runs cranial to caudal

Front 103

sigmoid colon/ rectum

Back 103

straight portion of thecolon-

portions are anchored by mesonium.

Front 104

Flexures

Back 104

corners of the large intestine.

Where the LI turns

Hepatic flexure and Splenic flexure

Front 105

Hepatic flexure

Back 105

suspended in the right corner of abdominal cavity.

Anchored by peritoneum.

Front 106

Splenic flexure

Back 106

suspension in the leftcranial corner of the abdominal cavity

Front 107

4 layers of the large intestine

Back 107

1. Serosa- peritoneum. anchoring

2. muscularis (2 layers)

a. Longitudinal

- teniae coli

- haustra

b. circular- wraps transversely underneath the longitudinal.

3. submucosa- contains vasculature

4. mucosa- inner layer

Front 108

teniae coli

Back 108

unique to large intestine

stripalong the longitudinal that contracts harder than the longitudinal muscularis.

Bunches it: then youget pouches=haustra

Front 109

haustra

Back 109

bunches of colon that form pouches

when the teniae coli bunches ,you get pouches=haustra

Front 110

Digestive accessory organs

Back 110

· Liver

· Gallbladder

· Pancreas

Front 111

Gall bladder

Back 111

· Pouchfor storage of bile.

· Tuckedin-between the lobes of the liver. Greenish color

Front 112

Functions of the liver

Back 112

• Removalof toxins from the blood stream

• Bile production

• Productionof plasma proteins (*albumin*, globulin, fibrinogen)

• Storageof fat soluble vitamins A,D,E and K

• Storageof iron in the form of “ferritin”

• Productionof “thrombopoietin”

Monitors glucose inthe blood stream

Front 113

3methods of monitoring glucose in the Bloodstrean

Back 113

1. glycogenesis

2. glycogenolysis

3. gluconeogenesis

Front 114

glycogenesis

Back 114

converts glucoseinto glycogen, which is a form of glucose that can be stored in the liver

Front 115

glycogenolysis

Back 115

livers abilityto convert stored glycogen back into glucose

Front 116

gluconeogenesis

Back 116

livers abilityto convert some proteins and fats into glucose. Not very efficient.

Front 117

Anatomy of the liver

Back 117

have many lobes, and larger.

Dark red.

Liesright underneath the diaphragm

Front 118

Lobule

Back 118

• microscopic, thousands/millions

• Centralvein- down the middle of the lobule

• Sinusoid-between each portal triad and central vein

• hexagon.Shapes Hexagonal points

Front 119

Portal triad

Back 119

• at each of the six points. And has 3 vessels,

• Portalvein branch- move toward central vein

• Hepaticartery branch-move towards central vein

• Bileduct (bile canaliculii)- Awayfrom central vein. Toward portal triad.

Front 120

Bile duct (bile canaliculii) in the portal traid

Back 120

moves bile from the liver to the common bile duct.

Away from central vein. Toward portal triad.

Goes to gall bladder or directly to small intestine

Front 121

Kupffercells

Back 121

• starfish shaped.

Sit along the wall of the branches of the portal vein.

Responsible for detoxify blood as it moves through the portal vein branch.

Helpdestroy old red blood cells, old dead white blood cells, and bacteria

Front 122

Hepatocytes

Back 122

liver cells.

make up the parenchyma of the liver. The bulk of liver.

And takewhat had been detoxified by Kupffer cells and convert that substance into bile.

Then they push bile into the bile ducts of the sinusoid.

Then joins the biliarytree.

Front 123

Biliary tree

Back 123

Network of passagesfor bile between the liver gallbladder and the small intestine

Front 124

Pancreatic duct

Back 124

before the common bile duct

Introduce digestive enzyme into common bile duct

Front 125

Sphincter of Oddi

Back 125

end of duct common bile duct and duodenum. End of biliary tree

Front 126

Pancreas is unique that it:

Back 126

serves as both an exocrine/endocrine gland

is a digestive organ andendocrine organ

Front 127

Pancreas

Back 127

Enormous gland. bumpy.

Trapped infolds of mesentery

Location: along side of duodenum and portionsof jejunum

3 sections: had body and tail

Pancreatic duct goes through center

Front 128

Pancreatic Juice

Back 128

consists of digestive enzymes:

pancreatic amylase

pancreatic lipase

Pancreatic tripsin- group of enzymes that break down protein

Front 129

Pancreatic tripsin

Back 129

group of enzymes that break down protein

Front 130

Where do the pancreatic juices go?

Back 130

pancreatic duct--> common bile duct-->Sphincter of Oddi--> Duodenum of SI

Front 131

Acini cells

Back 131

parenchyma of pancreas. (specializeddigestive cells)

produce “pancreatic juice”

The bulk of the pancreas.

DIGESTIVE role

Front 132

Islets of Langerhans

Back 132

(specialized endocrine cells)-

patches of tissue throughout the pancreas containendocrine cells.