A&p 2, Test 1

Front 1

Define antigen.

Back 1

Contraction of antibody generating

Hint 1

Break down the word

Front 2

How many types of RBCs are there?

Back 2

4- A,B,AB,O

Hint 2

Blood types

Front 3

What percentage of formed elements in blood are RBCs?

Back 3

99.9% 25/75 trillion cells

Front 4

What makes RBCs unique?

Back 4

Very specialized, no nucleus or mitochondria, shape

Hint 4

Purpose is to deliver oxygen

Front 5

Define anemia

Back 5

When RBCs make up less than 99.9% of formed elements

Front 6

How many types of WBCs are there and what are they named?

Back 6

5 - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

Hint 6

Never let monkeys eat bananas

Front 7

Define hemostasis

Back 7

Proper term for blood clotting

Hint 7

Medical terminology

Front 8

Superior and inferior venae cavae, and pulmonary trunk

Back 8

What 3 structures feed into the right atrium?

Front 9

What are the 5 functions of blood?

Back 9

Transport (gases, nutrients, hormones, waste)

Regulate pH

Restrict fluid loss in the event of injury

Defend against toxins and pathogens

Stabilize body temperature

Front 10

What is the normal temperature for blood?

Back 10

38 degrees centigrade

Front 11

Normal blood pH is:

Back 11

Between 7.35 and 7.45

Front 12

2 main types of lymphocytes and where they are formed

Back 12

T-cells - thymus - cell mediated immunity (against invading foreign cells, and coordination of immune response)

B-cells - bone - humoral immunity (activated bcells differentiate into plasma cells specialized to synthesize and secrete antibodies)

Front 13

Blood has a viscosity roughly _× that of water

Back 13

5

Front 14

Autorythmicity

Back 14

Ability of the heart to contract on its own, without neural or hormonal stimulation

Front 15

3 defenses for when iron is released from it's heme group;

Back 15

First bind to transferrin

1)RBCs in red bone marrow absorb them to synthesize new Hb molecules

2) excess transferrin removed in the liver and spleen and stored in ferritin and hemosiderin

3) can be stripped of its ion and converted into bilirubin

Hint 15

Check with Stephanie

Front 16

Neutrophil (50-70%)

Back 16

Primary infection fighter

First on scene

Highly mobile

Phagocytic- attack and kill marked bacteria

Engulf bacteria>respiratory burst>production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions>degranulation

Increase capillary permeability

Release leukotrienes

Front 17

Lymphocytes (20-40%)

Back 17

Very active between blood stream and peripheral tissues

Tcells, Bcells, NKcells

Front 18

Monocytes (2-8%)

Back 18

Circulate in bloodstream for 24 hours then enter peripheral tissue and become macrophage

Can consume items as large as themselves

Engage in chemotaxis - attract and stimulate WBCs, and bring in fibroblasts to create scar tissue

Front 19

Eosinophil (2-4%)

Back 19

Attack objects coated in antibodies (masked bacteria, protozoa)

Primary attack- exocytosis of toxic compounds- especially effective against multicellular parasites (flukes and roundworm)

Sensitive to allergens so increase during allergic reactions

Front 20

Basophil (<1%)

Back 20

Contain histamines which dilate blood vessels, and heparin which prevents clotting

Front 21

Macrophage

Back 21

Aggressive phagocyte

Front 22

Formula for cardiac output

Back 22

CO mL/min =HR (beats/min) × SV (mL/beat

Front 23

Formula for stroke volume

Back 23

SV=EDV-ESV

(End diastolic volume - end systolic volume)

Front 24

ECG section

Back 24

Front 25

Erythropoiesis

Back 25

Formation of RBCs

Front 26

Erythropoietin

Back 26

Hormone which directly stimulates erythropoiesis

Produced in kidneys and liver in response to low oxygen levels in peripheral tissues (hypoxia)

Stimulates cell division in erythroblasts and speeds up maturation of RBCs

Front 27

Conditions that stimulate RBC production

Back 27

Hypoxia (low oxygen levels)

Anemia

Blood flow to kidneys declines

Respiratory surfaces of lungs are damaged

Oxygen content of lungs decreases

Front 28

Impulse conduction through heart

Back 28

Front 29

Phases of cardiac cycle

Back 29

Front 30

Bonus points

Back 30

Front 31

Heart anatomy

Back 31

Front 32

Sectional anatomy

Back 32

Front 33

Leaky valves

Back 33

What causes a murmur

Front 34

Differences in fetal heart

Back 34

1) foramen ovule- opening in interatrial septum connecting the two atria, closes at birth, allows blood flow between atria while lungs are developing

2)

Front 35

3 cardiac muscle layers

Back 35

Epicardium, mayocardium, endocardium

Front 36

Cardiac muscle ratio

Back 36

99:1 contracting: conducting

Front 37

Platelets

Back 37

Disc shaped cell fragments

Function: release important to clotting

Form temporary patch in walls of damaged vessels (Platelet plug)

Reduce size of break in vessel wall (actin and myosin filaments)