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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the normal body temperature in degrees celcius?
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37 degrees C
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What is the scrotal temperature (in degrees celcius?)
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34 degrees C or 94 degrees farenheit
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Why are the testes raised and lowered?
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To maintain a constant temperature
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What is the smooth muscle that raises and lowers the testes?
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the cremaster muscle
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What is the cremaster muscle underneath? What does it cover?
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Under the scrotal wall; covers the testis and spermatic cord
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The testes are covered with an outer tunic known as the :
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tunica vaginalis
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Where does the tunica vaginalis originate from?
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the peritoneum
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This is the thick fibrous capsule of the testis:
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tunica albuginea
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This is where sperm cells are made:
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seminiferous tubules
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This is where sperm drains into. It is a tubular network in the posterior portion of the testis
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rete testis
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The rete testis drains into the:
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epididymis
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Does the epididymis lie on the posterior or anterior wall?
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posterior
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These are the cells that are found in the connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules.
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interstitial cells
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What do interstitial cells produce?
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testosterone
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This artery originates from the aorta and travels through the spermatic cord
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testicular artery
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This is the network of veins surrounding the testicular artery.
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pampinaform plexus
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Where does the pampina form plexus rain into?
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The testicular veins
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The blood vessels, vas deferens, lymphatics, and nerves travel through the spermatic cord, which passes through the __________ ________ to reach the abdominal cavity
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Inguinal canal
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This structure is designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract.
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Penis
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What two stuctures make up the external genitalia?
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The penis and the scrotum
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What are the external genitalia attached to?
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The perineum (diamond shaped area)
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The perineum is defined by what structures (3)?
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Pubic symphysis, the coccyx, the ischial tuberosities
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The penis is divided into what three parts?
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Root, the body (or shaft), and the glans
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This is the part that is removed during circumcision:
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Foreskin
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How many erectile bodies are there internally (in the penis)?
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3
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What fills wi blood in the penis during erectile activity?
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The vascular spaces
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This erectile body surrounds the urethra and forms the glans:
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The corpus spongiosum
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The erectile body that's located dorsally is:
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The corpus cavernosa
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The corpus cavernosa is surrounded by the:
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Tunica albuginea
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What are the three parts of the epididymis?
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The head (superior end), the body and the tail
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How long is the epididymis?
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~20 ft long
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How long does it take sperm cells to mature?
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Approx 20 days
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How long is the vas (ductus) deferens?
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About 18 inches
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After passing through the spermatic cord, the vas deferens then passes over the _________ ( _______ to the ureter.)
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Bladder, medial
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After passing the bladder, the vas deferens then joins the _______ _________ to form the __________ _________ which passes through the __________ and joins the urethra.
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Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory duct Prostate |
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This is the procedure that involves the vas being divided and lighted within the scrotum.
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Vasectomy
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Is sperm still produced after a vasectomy? What happens to the sperm?
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Yes, they Re phagocytized by the epithelium of the duct system
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What is semen? What is it produced by?
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Sperm cells plus the accessory gland secretions; accessory glands
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Where are the seminal vesicles located on the bladder?
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On the posterior aspect
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Seminal vesicles do what for sperm?
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Enhance sperm function
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How much of the semen volume do seminal vesicles produce?
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60%
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This structure encircles the urethra just inferior to the bladder:
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Prostate gland
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Where do the secretion from the urethra empty into?
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Ducts of the urethra
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How much of the semen do prostatic secretions make up?
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33%
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What does BPH stand for?
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Benign prostatic hypertrophy
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BPH occurs with what?
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Age
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What is BPH characterized by?
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The enlargement of the prostate that narrows the urethra
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How is prostate cancer detected (2 ways)?
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Digital rectal exam or by a PSA blood test
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These structures are found just below the prostate:
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Bulbourethral glands
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What is the purpose of the bulbourethral glands?
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Secretes mucous into the urethra that neutralizes the pH
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Does semen have an acidic or alkaline pH?
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Slightly alkaline
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How much sperm is in 1mL of semen?
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20-150 million
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The ovaries produce what two things?
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The female gametes or ova, and the sex hormones (estrogens and progesterones)
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What makes up the internal female genitalia?
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The ovaries and duct system (uterine tubes, uterus, vagina)
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What holds the ovaries laterally?
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The suspensory ligament
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Which ligament contains the ovarian artery? Where does this artery originate from?
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The suspensory ligament, the aorta
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What holds the ovaries medially? What does it connect?
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The ovarian ligament,
The ovary to the uterus |
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The ovaries are held Anteriorly by the :
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The mesovarium (part of the broad ligament)
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What are all the parts of the broad ligament?
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The suspensory ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx, and mesometrium
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This is the sheet of peritoneum that drapes over the uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries
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The broad ligament
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What is the peritoneal covering over the ovary?
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The germinal epithelium
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What is the thin outer fibrous capsule of the ovary?
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The tunica albuginea
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The cortex of the artery contains numerous ________ in various stages of development
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Follicles
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Each follicle of the ovary contains an __________ surrounded by _________ cells or __________ cells.
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Oocyte ( an immature egg )
Follicle cells or granulosa cells |
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The locate is surrounded by follicle cells if :
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Single layer
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The locate is surrounded by granulosa cells if :
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Multiple layers
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Follicles pass through the several stages and mature into __________ or _______ follicles, which bulge from the surface of the ovary.
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Vesicular or graafian
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What happens during ovulation?
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One oocyte is ejected by a follicle each month
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What happens to the follicle after ovulation?
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Becomes Corpus luteum - then degenerates
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This structure receives the ovulated oocyte?
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Uterine or Fallopian tube
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Where does fertilization occur?
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In the Fallopian tube usually
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How long is the Fallopian tube?
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About 10cm in length
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This is the narrow part of the uterine tube near the uterus:
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Isthmus
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This is the mid portion of the uterine tube where fertilization usually occurs:
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The ampulla
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How long does it take the ovulated oocyte to reach the uterus?
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3-4 days
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How long is the ovulated oocyte viable?
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24-36 hours
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This is the funnel shaped end of the tube:
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Infundibulum
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What are the finger like projections of the infundibulum called?
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Fimbriae
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Are the Fimbriae directly connected to the ovaries?
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No, brush the surface, sometimes oocytes are lost in peritoneal cavity
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How do the oocytes move towards the uterus?
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By peristalsis and cilia
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The Fallopian tube is supported by the _________ which is part of the broad ligament.
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Mesosalpinx
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These pregnancies occur in locations other than the uterus:
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Ectopic
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An example of an ectopic pregnancy is one that occurs in the ______ or ________ cavity
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Tube or peritoneal cavity
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What is one problem with an ectopic pregnancy?
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Causes significant hemorrhaging
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What is one example of a bacterial infection that causes PID?
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Gonorrhea
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What's a problem with PID?
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Causes scarring of the tubes and infertility
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The uterus is usually flexed in what direction?
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Anteriorly (anteverted)
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The major portion of the uterus is the:
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Body
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The superior aspect of the uterus is the _______ and the outlet is called the ________
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Funds, cervix
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The cervix contains the ______ _______ which is usually filled with thick ________
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Cervical canal, mucous
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The external opening of the uterus is called the :
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External os
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Cancer of the cervical epithelium can be detected by a:
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Pap smear
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What is most cancer of the cervix caused by?
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HPV
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The overlying peritoneum of the uterus produces what two pouches?
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The vesicouterine pouch (Anteriorly) and the rectouterine pouch (posteriorly)
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What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
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The perimetrium, the myometrium, and the endometrium
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This is the visceral layer of the uterine wall:
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The perimetrium
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What type of muscle is in the myometrium?
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Smooth muscle
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This makes up the mucosal lining of the of the uterine wall:
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Endometrium
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The endometrium is the site of embryo __________ and contains numerous glands
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Implantation
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How many layers does the endometrium have? What are they?
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2; the basal layer and the functional layer
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Which layer of the endometrium is shed during menstruation?
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The functional layer
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The uterus is supplied by the _________ arteries.
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Uterine
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The uterine arteries are branches of the ________ _______
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Internal iliacs
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The uterine arteries end as ______ arteries which supply the functional layer
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Spiral
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How long is the vagina?
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About 8-10 cm long
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What is the vagina lined with?
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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Are the normal bacteria flora alkaline or acidic? What does this do?
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acidic; prevents infection
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What is the mucosal membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening?
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Hymen
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The upper aspect of the vaginal canal, surrounding the cervix is called the:
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Fornix
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These are the structures which are external to the vaginal orifice:
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External genitalia
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This is the area overlying the pubic symphisis.
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The mons pubis
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Name the two sets of skin folds of the external gentalia:
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The labia majora and the laboa minora
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The labia minors form a recess called the :
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Vestibule
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These three structures open into the vestibule.
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The urethra, vagina, and greater vestibular glands
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What do the vestibular glands secrete?
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Mucous
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The _______ is located at the anterior apex of the vestibule and is composed of _______ tissue
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Clitoris, erectile
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_______ ________ are present in both sexes, but function only appears in females.
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Mammary glands
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This is the pigmented skin surrounding the the nipple.
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The areola
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Each mammary gland consists of _____ to ______ lobes which radiate from the nipple
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15-25
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Each lobe is surrounded by ________ tissue and ________. The lobes are composed of smaller _______
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Connective tissue and fat
Lobules |
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Lobules contain spherical units called ________, which produce milk
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Alveoli
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During ________, milk flows from the alveoli, through the ________ ________ , to the nipple
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Lactation, lactiferous ducts
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Beneath the areola, each duct has a dilated region called the _________ ________
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Lactiferous sinus
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Is is the most common malignancy in women:
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Breast cancer
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What percentage of women will acquire breast cancer at some point during their lives?
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13%
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Breast cancer usually arises from the epithelial cells of the _______
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Ducts
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Only ______% of breat cancer cases are hereditary
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10%
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Lumps < _______ cm in size may not be detected by physical examination, but can be detected by a _______
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1-2cm
Mammogram |
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This is known as the production of ova or eggs.
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Oogenesis
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In the fetal period, the _______ (stem cells) undergo ______ and become ______ oocytes (diploid).
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Oogonia, mitosis, primary oocytes
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How many additional primary oocytes are formed after birth?
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None
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Oocytes remain idle until after _____
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Puberty
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With each cycle, one primary oocyte completes _________, producing a _______ oocyte ( haploid) and a ________ ______
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Meiosis 1, secondary oocyte, polar body
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When is the secondary oocyte released?
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At ovulation
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If the secondary oocyte is penetrated by a sperm, it completes _________. What does this produce?
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Meiosis 2, an ovum and another polar body
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What happens to the polar bodies after meiosis 2?
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They degenerate
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The follicular phase is the period of follicle ______
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Growth
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How long does the follicular phase last?
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Days 1 through 14
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This is the name for the period of corpus luteum activity:
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The luteal phase
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The luteal phase covers what days?
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14-28
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How many women actually have an ovarian cycle of 28 days?
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10-15%
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The ovarian cycle can last anywhere from ___ days to _____ days
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21 to 40 days
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In ovarian cycles that are not 28 days, it is the ______ phase that changes:
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Follicular
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During the follicular phase, the _________ follicle passes through the ______ and ______ stages and matures into a ______ follicle
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Primordial
Primary and secondary Vesicular or graafian follicle |
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The single layer of follicular cells becomes multiple layers of _______ cells, which produce _______
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Granulosa
Estrogen |
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What develops as the granulosa cells develop?
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A fluid-filled antrum
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The vesicular follicle is about ______ cm in diameter and bulges from the surface of the ______
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2.5, ovary
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What stage is completed right before ovulation?
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Meiosis 1
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What day does ovulation occur?
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about day 14
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What happens to the follicle and the oocyte during ovulation?
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The follicle ruptures and the oocyte is expelled
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After ovulation, the follicle transforms into a ______ ______
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corpus luteum
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What hormone does the corpus luteum produce?
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progesterone (and some lesser amounts of estrogen)
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What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur?
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it degenerates
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How long will the luteum persist if pregnancy occurs?
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several months
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How long does it take for a fertilized egg to begin implantation in the uterus?
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6-7 days
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What does FSH and LH stand for?
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follicle stimulating hormone
lutenizing hormone |
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An increase in FSH and LH on Day 1 of the ovarian cycle stimulates what?
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growth of the follicle and estrogen production
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When estrogen levels are high enough, what happens?
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a burst of LH is released
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What does a burst of LH cause? (3 things)
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1) completion of Meiosis 1
2) ovulation of the oocyte 3) development of the corpus luteum |
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What happens to estrogen and progesterone levels when the corpus luteum degenerates?
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both decrease
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This refers to the changes that occur in the endometrium during each ovarian cycle:
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the uterine or menstrual cycle
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What days does the menstrual phase fall on?
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days 1-5
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This is known as the shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium:
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menstruation
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Which day is the first day of menstrual flow?
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day 1
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What days does the proliferative phase fall on?
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days 6-14
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Do the estrogen levels fall or rise during the proliferative phase?
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rise
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What do rising estrogen levels from the developing follicle do to the functional layer of the endrometrium?
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it rebuilds it
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What days does the secretory phase fall on?
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days 15-28
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What is the endometrium doing during the secretory phase?
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preparing for implantation of an embryo
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What happens to the amount of glands an blood vessels during the secretory phase?
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both increase in number
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If fertilization does not occur during the secretory phase, what happens?
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decrease in estrogen and progesterone - causes ischemia of functional layer
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What happens to the spiral arteries on day 1 of menstruation? What does this do to the functional layer?
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they dilate - causes functional layer to be washed away
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What two phases correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
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menstrual and the proliferative phases
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This corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle:
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the secretory phase
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Rising estrogen levels in puberty promote what:
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maturation of the female reproductive structures
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Who grows faster during puberty? (boys or girls)?
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girls
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When do girls usually stop growing? boys?
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18 years for girls
20 years for boys |
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Increased estrogen levels cause the _________ of the long bones to close.
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epiphyses
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What are the developing secondary sex characteristics of females?
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growth of breasts, increased deposition of subcutaneous fat, widening of the pelvis, and growth of the pubic and axillary hair
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What does estrogen do for cholesterol levels and bone density?
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decreases cholesterol, maintains bone density
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What hormone is most important during pregnancy?
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progesterone
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This is known as the cessation of ovulation and menstruation:
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menopause
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When does menopause occur (what ages?)
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between 46 and 54
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What happens to estrogen during menopause? This can cause what symptom?
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production is stopped; causes hot flashes
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