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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The small intestine begins where?
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The pyloric sphincter
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Where does the small intestine end?
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Ileocecal valve
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How long is the small intestine in a cadaver?
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21ft
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How long is the small intestine in a living adult?
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10 ft
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What are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine?
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Duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum
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How long is the duodenum?
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10 ft
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Which subdivision is retroperitoneal?
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Duodenum
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Which organ does the duodenum curve around?
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The pancreas
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The bile duct and the pancreatic duct join to form the _________'__________ just before entering the duodenum
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Hepatopancreatic ampulla
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The ampulla empties into the duodenum through the ________ ___________
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Major papilla
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What is the major papilla controlled by?
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Hepatopancreatic sphincter
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How long is the jejunum?
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8 ft
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How long is the ileum?
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About 12ft
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These projections slow the passage of chyme?
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Circular folds or plicae circulares
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These finger-like projections are found in the small intestine:
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Villi
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Villi are projections of what two tissue layers? How high are they?
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Epithelium and lamina propria ; approximately 1 mm
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Where do the veins drain into from the small intestine?
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Into the liver
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Where do the lymphatics drain into from the small intestine?
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Thoracic duct
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These are the finger like projections of the cell membranes of the absorptive cells
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Microvilli
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What is another name for the luminal surface of the SI?
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Brush border
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What type of epithelial tissue is in the small intestine?
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Simple columnar
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What are the pits called between the villi?
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Intestinal glands or crypts
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What do the intestinal glands do and what layer are they found in?
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Produce watery intestinal juice ; mucosa
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How often is the villus epithelium replaced?
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Every 3-6 days
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What type of treatment (therapeutical) is the intestinal mucosa sensitive to?
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Chemo and radiation
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Clusters of lymphoid follicles found in the submucosa are known as:
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Peyer's pathches
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What subdivision of the small intestine are peyers patches commonly found in?
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Ileum
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Duodenal glands are found in what tissue layer?
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Submucosa
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What do the duodenal glands do?
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They produce alkaline mucous, which protects the duodenum from gastric acid
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How much slightly alkaline juice do the intestinal glands produce per day?
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1-2 liters
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The liver has only one digestive function, what is it?
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To make bile
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What does bile do?
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Emulsifiers fats (converts them to smaller droplets)
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What does bile do for the surface area of fats?
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Increases surface area so lipase can speed up breakdown
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What is the anterior mesentary which attaches the liver to the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall:
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Falciform ligament
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This is the remnant of the umbilical vein:
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Round ligament
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Which vein and artery enter at the porta hepatis?
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Hepatic artery and portal vein
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Which side of the liver is the gall bladder attached to?
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Inferior surface
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Bile flows out which two ducts? Together these ducts form the:
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Right and left hepatic ducts; common hepatic duct
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Which two ducts fuse to form the common bile duct?
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The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct
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This is the deep fissue in the liver that contains the hepatic portal vein, the hepatic artery, the common hepatic duct, and the lymphatics:
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Porta hepatis
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What is another name for the hepatopancreatic sphincter?
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Sphincter of oddi
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what organs are included in the alimentary canal?
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the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
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The accessory digestive organs include:
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the teeth, the tongue, the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas
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The act of taking food into the mouth is known as:
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ingestion
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This moves food through the alimentary canal and includes both swallowing and peristalsis:
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propulsion
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This involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that move food distally:
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peristalsis
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Physical process of breaking down food into smaller pieces:
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mechanical digestion
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What does mechanical digestion include?
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chewing, mixing, churning, and segmentation
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This describes local areas of constriction that moves food forward and backward:
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segmentation
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This is the breakdown of complex food molecules into their chemical building block:
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chemical digestion
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Where does chemical digestion take place? What is it carried out by?
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the small intestine; enzymes
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This is the passage of nutrients from the lumen of the GI tract through the mucosal cells into the blood or lymph:
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absorption
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This layer covers the EXTERNAL surfaces of most of the digestive organs in the abdominopelvic cavity:
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visceral peritoneum
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This layer lines the interior wall of the abdominopelvic cavity:
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parietal peritoneum
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This layer is located between the visceral and parietal layers of peritoneum:
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peritoneal cavity
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The peritoneal cavity contains a small amount of:
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peritoneal fluid
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This is a double layer of peritoneum that extends between the digestive organs and the body wall:
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mesentery
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What's the purpose of the mesentery?
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it provides a route for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive organs, it holds the organs in place, and stores fat
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Organs found within the peritoneal cavity are called:
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intraperitoneal
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Organs found between the posterior aspect of the parietal peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdominopelvic cavity are called:
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retroperitoneal
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Inflammation of the peritoneum (eg. from appendicitis) is called:
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peritonitis
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What are the four basic layers that make up the wall of the alimentary canal organs:
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mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa (muscularis), serosa or adventitia
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what is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal:
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mucosa
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What does the mucosa do?
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it secretes various substances, absorbs digestive end-products, and/or protects against infection
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What are the three layers of the mucosa?
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epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae
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What does the lamina propria consist of?
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loose connective tissue and capillaries
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What does the muscularis mucosae consist of?
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a thin layer of smooth muscle
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What does the submucosa consist of?
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blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and nerve fibers
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What does the muscularis externa usually consist of?
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two layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal muscle (ICOL)
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What is the muscularis externa responsible for?
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peristalsis and segmentation, sometimes the circular layer thickens to form sphincters
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This is the outermost layer of the intraperitoneal organs and is the same as the visceral peritoneum:
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serosa
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The outermost layer of the esophagus is called:
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the adventitia
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Does serosa entirely cover retroperitoneal organs?
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no
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What is the oral cavity lined with? why?
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stratified squamous epithelium; to withstand trauma
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Is any of the oral canal keratinized?
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yes - to provide extra protection
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What do the lips and cheeks do to help with mastecation?
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keeps food between the teeth when chewing
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What type of muscle is the tongue made of?
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skeletal muscle
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Which muscles allow the tongue to be moved? what are they attached to?
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extrinsic muscles; bones
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What does the tongue initiate?
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swallowing
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What secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
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the lingual frenulum
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The anterior 2/3 of the tongue is in the ________ ______ and the posterior 1/3 is in the ________.
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oral cavity, oropharynx
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These are the microscopic glands scattered throughout the oral mucosa:
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intrinsic salivary glands
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These lie outside the oral cavity and drain into it through ducts:
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extrinsic salivary glands
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This gland lies anterior to the ear. Where does this duct drain?
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parotid gland; drains into the upper cheek
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These glands lie under the tongue and has two main ducts at the base of the tongue:
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submandibular gland
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These glands lie under the tongue and has multiple ducts:
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the sublingual glands
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How much saliva do the salivary glands produce per day?
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1000-1500 ml
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What do the receptors in the mouth do?
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they detect the presence of food and stimulate saliva production
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Output of saliva is increased by _________ output and decreased by _________ output
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parasympathetic; sympathetic
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What's another name for baby teeth?
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deciduous teeth
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how many deciduous teeth are there? how many permanent teeth?
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20, 32
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What is the exposed portion of the tooth? What substance is this covered with?
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crown, enamel
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This lies beneath the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth
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dentin
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What structures contain connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves in a tooth?
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the pulp cavity and root canal
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how are cavities formed?
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bacteria releases acids which dissolve the calcium salts in the teeth
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When plaque becomes calcified it creates ________ which can lead to gingivitis:
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calculus or tarter
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What type of tissue is the oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined with:
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stratified squamous epithelium
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The walls of the esophagus contain 2 layers of skeletal muscle. what are they?
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inner longitudinal
outer circular not like the rest of the digestive tract ICOL |
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The esophagus passes through the _________ ________ of the diaphragm.
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esophageal hiatus
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What is the sphincter located at the top of the stomach?
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cardiac sphincter or gastroesophageal sphincter
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This disease occurs when gastric juices pass easily into the esophagus
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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What is a hiatal hernia?
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the GE sphincter slides to a position above the diaphragm
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What does GERD lead to?
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heartburn (often mistaken for MI), esophagitis, esophageal ulcers, and cancer
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What worsens GERD?
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increased intra-abdominal pressure (obesity, pregnancy)
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Is there any serosa in the esophagus?
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No
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What begins the breakdown of starch in the oral cavity?
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salivary amylase
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What are the two phases of swallowing?
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buccal phase and the pharyngeal-esophageal phase
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Where does the buccal phase occur? is it voluntary or involuntary?
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in the oral cavity, voluntary
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Where does the pharyngeal-esophageal phase occur? Is it voluntary or involuntary?
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begins when food is pushed into the pharynx by the tongue; involuntary
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Explain the process of the pharyngeal-esophageal phase?
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the tongue blocks the oral cavity, the soft palate blocks the nasopharyn, the larynx seals against the epiglottis, and the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes. Peristalsis moved the food down the esophagus, and the GE sphincter relaxes
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The stomach is where the chemical breakdown of ________ begins and food is converted to _______
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proteins; chyme
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What are the longitudinal folds in the stomach called?
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rugae
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What region of the stomach surrounds the esophagus?
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The cardia or cardiac region
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This region of the stomach is the dome-shaped superior portion:
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fundus
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This is the mid-portion of the stomach?
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body
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What is the distal portion of the stomach?
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pyloric region
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The pyloric region is divided into:
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the antrum, the pyloric canal, and the pylorus
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This sphincter controls the emptying of the stomach:
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pyloric sphincter
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This is the lateral side of the stomach:
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greater curvature
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This is the medial side of the stomach:
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lesser curvature
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This is the mesentary between the lesser curve and the liver:
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lesser omentum
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This is the mesentary attached to the greater curve:
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greater omentum
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What is the purpose of the greater omentum?
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drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine, cushions the abdominal organs and walls off infections
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What supplies the parasympathetic reaction to the stomach? the sympathetic reaction?
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vagus nerve, splanchnic nerve
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why are the mucous cells so important in the stomach?
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they produce a thich layer of protective alkaline mucous; protects the mucosal epithelium from the gastric juice
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Gastric pits lead to _____ _____, which produce gastric juice
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gastric glands
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What are the four different cell types in the gastric glands?
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mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells
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What do the mucous neck cells do?
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produce a watery mucous
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what do the parietal cells do in the gastric glands?
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produce HCl. (pH between 1.5-3.5)
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what do chief cells do?
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produce inactive pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by HCl
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What do enterendocrine cells do?
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release chemical messengers that act locally, such as histamine; also produce endocrine hormones such as gastrin which act at distant sites
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What can cause gastric ulcers?
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Most often caused by H. pylori, also by aspirin or ibuprofen (NSAIDS)
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What two breakdowns occur in the stomach?
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mechanical and chemical
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What two things digest proteins?
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HCl and pepsin
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What two things are lipid soluble and absorbed in the stomach?
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alcohol and aspirin
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What is a protein secreted by the parietal cells, which is required for vitamin b-12 absorption?
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intrinsic factor
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what is the purpose of b-12?
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needed for RBC maturation
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what does lack of intrinsic factor cause?
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anemia
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How much gastric juice does the stomach produce each day?
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3L/day
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what is gastric secretion controlled by?
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neural (mostly vagal parasympathetics) and hormonal mechanisms
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What are the three phases of gastric secretion?
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cephalic, gastric, and intestinal
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What causes cephalic gastric secretion?
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sight, smell, taste, or anticipation of food
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What causes the gastric phase?
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when food enters the stomach
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Gastrin is secreted by what? What does gastrin do?
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G cells in the antrum; it travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the parietal cells to produce more HCl
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The parietal cells are stimulated by what three things? What happens if all three are present?
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acetylcholine (parasympathetic), gastrin, and histamine
HCl output is high |
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H2 blockers block the _______ receptors on the parietal cells and decrease _____ output:
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histamine, acid
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How is the intestinal phase initiated?
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distension of the duodenum initially stimulates gastric secretion
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How does the intestinal phase end?
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Inhibition by enterogastric reflex
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Where is peristalsis most powerful?
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in the antrum
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How much chyme is pushed out into the small intestine per wave of peristalsis? How often do these waves occur?
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3 mL, 3 times per minute
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What does increased distension of the stomach do to motility?
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increases motility
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How long does it take for the stomach to empty a meal?
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4 hours
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What controls gastric emptying? How long does it take if the meal is high in fat?
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duodenal receptors; 6 hours
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What's another name for vomitting?
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emesis
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what causes vomitting?
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extreme dialation of the stomach or intestine, or by irritants such as bacterial toxins or chemicals
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How can you tell if someone is about to vomit?
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increased salivation or belching
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What happens physically to the body when vomitting?
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the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract, the GE sphincter relaxes, the larynx is covered, and the soft palate is pulled upwards
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