A&p 2

Front 1

Atoms

Back 1

Unique building blocks for each element

Front 2

Elements

Back 2

Cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means, each has unique properties; Physical - are detectable with our senses, or are measurable; Chemical - How atoms interact with one another

Front 3

Elements of Human Body

Back 3

96% Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N)

3.9% Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Sulfur (S), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), Magnesium (Mg), Iodine (I), Iron (Fe)

Less than .01% Enzyme co-factors like Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn)

Front 4

Atomic Nucleus

Back 4

Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

Front 5

Neutrons

Back 5

No Charge, 1 atomic mass unit (amu)

Front 6

Protons

Back 6

Positive Charge, 1 amu

Front 7

Electrons

Back 7

Negative Charge, 1/2000 the mass of a proton (0 amu); Orbit nucleus and equal in number to protons in atom

Front 8

Molecule

Back 8

2 or more atoms bonded together

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Compound

Back 9

2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together

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Ionic Bonds

Back 10

Ions formed by transfer of electrons between atoms; Attraction of opposite charges results in an ionic bond; Ionic compounds form crystals instead of individual molecules

Front 11

Anions

Back 11

Negative Charge, have gained one or more electrons

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Cations

Back 12

Positive Charge, have lost one or more electrons

Front 13

Covalent Bonds

Back 13

Formed by sharing of two or more electrons

Unequal sharing by atoms with different electron-attracting abilities produces polar molecules

Sharing of electrons may be equal or unequal - equal sharing produces electrically balanced non-polar molecules

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Synthesis

Back 14

Combination reaction, A + B = AB; Always involve bond formation (anabolic)

Front 15

Decomposition

Back 15

AB = A + B; Reverse synthesis reactions by breaking of bonds (catabolic)

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Exchange

Back 16

AB + C = AC + B; Bonds are both made and broken

Front 17

Rate of Chemical Reactions

Back 17

Influenced by temperature, particle size, concentration of reactant

Front 18

Catalysts

Back 18

Increase rate of chemical reaction without being chemically changed, enzymes are biological catalysts

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Inorganic Compounds

Back 19

Water, salts, many acids/bases; Do not contain much carbon

Front 20

Organic Compounds

Back 20

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids; Contain carbon and are covalently bonded

Front 21

Water

Back 21

60% to 80% of the volume of living cells; Most important inorganic compound in living organisms

Front 22

Properties of Water - High Heat Capacity

Back 22

Absorbs and releases heat with little temp. change, prevents sudden changes in temp.

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PoW - High Heat Vaporization

Back 23

Evaporation requires large amounts of heat, useful cooling mechanism

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PoW - Polar Solvent Properties

Back 24

Dissolves ionic substances, forms hydration layers around large charged molecules, body's major transport medium

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PoW - Reactivity

Back 25

A necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

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PoW - Cushioning

Back 26

Protects certain organs from physical trauma

Front 27

Salts

Back 27

Ionic compounds that dissociate in water; Contain cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-; Ions (electrolytes) conduct electrical currents in solution; Ions play specialized roles in body functions

Front 28

Acids

Back 28

Are electrolytes; Acids are proton (hydrogen ion) donors (release H+ in solution) HCl = H+ + Cl-

Front 29

Bases

Back 29

Are proton acceptors (take up H+ from solution) NaOH = Na+ + OH-

OH- accepts an available proton (H+)

OH- + H+ = H2O

Front 30

Acid-Base Concentration

Back 30

Acid solutions contain (H+), as it increases, acidity increases; Alkaline solutions contain bases (OH-), so as H+ decreases or as OH- increases, alkalinity increases

Front 31

pH

Back 31

Acid-Base Concentration

Scale is logarithmic; a pH 5 solution has 10 time more H+ than a pH 6 solution

Front 32

Acidic Solution

Back 32

Increased H+ = Decreased pH

Acidic pH: 0 - 6.99

Front 33

Alkaline solutions

Back 33

Decreased H+ = Increase pH

Alkaline (basic) pH: 7.01 - 14

Front 34

Acid-Base Homeostasis

Back 34

pH change interferes with cell function and may damage living tissue, slight change in pH can be fatal, pH is regulated by kidneys, lungs, and buffers

Front 35

Buffers

Back 35

Mixture of compounds that resist pH changes; Convert strong (completely dissociated) acids or bases into weak (slightly dissociated) ones

Front 36

Organic Compounds

Back 36

Contain carbon; Unique to living systems; Include carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; Many are polymers or chains of similar unites (synthesized by dehydration synthesis, broken down by hydrolysis reactions)

Front 37

Carbohydrates

Back 37

Sugars and starches; Contain C, H, and O; Three classes: Mono-, Di-, and Polysaccharides

Front 38

Carbohydrate Functions

Back 38

Major sources of cellular fuel; Structural molecules

Front 39

Monosaccharides

Back 39

Simple sugars containing 3 to 7 Carbon atoms (Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Deoxyribose, Ribose)

Front 40

Disaccharides

Back 40

Double sugars, too large to pass through cell membranes (Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose)

Front 41

Polysaccharides

Back 41

Polymers of simple sugars, not very soluble (Starch, Glycogen)

Front 42

Lipids

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Contain C, H, O (less in carbs), and sometimes P; Insoluble in water

Front 43

Types of Lipids

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Neutral fats/triglycerides, Phospholipids, Steroids, Eicosanoids

Front 44

Triglycerides

Back 44

Neutral fats - solid fasts and liquid oils; Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule; Main functions are energy storage, insulation, and protection

Front 45

Saturated Fatty Acids

Back 45

Single bonds between C atoms, maximum number of H; Solid animal fats

Front 46

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Back 46

One or more double bonds between C atoms; reduced number of H atoms; Plant oils

Front 47

Phospholipids

Back 47

Modified triglycerides (Glycerol + 2 fatty acids and a phosphorus containing group); Head and tail regions have different properties; Important in cell membrane structure

Front 48

Steroids

Back 48

Interlocking four ring structure (HDL vs LDL); Cholesterol, Vitamin D, Steroid Hormones, Bile Salts

Front 49

Proteins

Back 49

Polymers of amino acids (20 types) joined by peptide bonds; Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P

Front 50

Fibrous (Structural) Proteins

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Strandlike, water insoluble, stable; Examples are keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers

Front 51

Globular (Functional) Proteins

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Compact, spherical, water-soluble, sensitive to environmental changes; Specific functional regions (active sites); Examples are antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, enzymes

Front 52

Protein Denaturation

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Shape change and disruption of active sites due to environmental changes; Reversible in most cases, irreversible if changes damage structure beyond repair

Front 53

Chaperonins

Back 53

Molecular Chaperones ensure quick and accurate folding and association of proteins; Assist translocation of proteins and ions across membranes; Promote breakdown of damaged/denatured proteins; Help trigger the immune response; Produced in response to stressful stimuli

Front 54

Enzymes

Back 54

Biological catalysts: Lower the activation energy/increase reaction speed (millions per minute); Active site participates in reaction (is reusable); Often named for catalyzed reaction, usually -ase (hydrolases, oxidases)

Front 55

Nucleic Acids

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DNA and RNA (largest molecules in body); Contain C, O, H, N, and P

Front 56

Nucleotide

Back 56

Building block of nucleic acids; Composed of N- containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

Front 57

DNA

Back 57

Deoxyribonucleic; Four bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine); Double stranded helix in cell nucleus; Replicates before cell division - ensuring genetic continuity

Front 58

RNA

Back 58

Ribonucleic; Four bases (Adenine, Guanine, Cyosine, Uracil); Single stranded molecule mostly active outside nucleus; Assists DNA

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ATP

Back 59

Adenosine Triphosphate - adenine containing RNA nucleotide with tho additional phosphate groups

Front 60

Phosphorylation

Back 60

Function of ATP; Terminal phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules; Primed molecules perform cellular work using the phosphate bond energy