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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of Anatomy |
The study of the structures of the body. |
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Definition of physiology |
The study of how the body functions. atoms linked to form what |
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Atoms link together to form what? |
Molecules |
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Molecules link together to form what? |
Organelles. |
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Organelles are within what? |
Cells. |
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What do cells form? |
Tissues. |
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What do tissues form? |
Organs. |
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What are the four types of tissues? |
1. Epithelial tissue, which lines the body surfaces. 2. Connective tissue, which connects and supports parts of the body. 3. Muscle tissue, which contracts to produce movement. 4. Nerve tissue, which transmits impulses to regulate body function. |
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Which organ system consists of skin, hair, and nails? Key functions are protection, temperature regulation, water retention, & sensation. |
Integumentary system. |
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Which organ system consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments? Key functions are protection of body organs, support, movement, & blood formation. |
Skeletal system. |
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Which organ system consist primarily of skeletal muscles? Key functions are movement, posture, and heat production. |
Muscular system. |
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Which organ system consist of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, thymus, spleen, and tonsils? Key functions are a role in fluid balance, production of immune cells, defense against disease. |
Lymphatic system. |
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Which organ system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Key functions are absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid base balance, and speech. |
Respiratory system. |
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Which organ system consist of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Key functions are excretion of waste, regulation of blood volume and pressure; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance. |
Urinary system. |
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Which organ system consist of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs. Key functions are controlled, regulation, and coordination of other systems. Also sensation and memory. |
Nervous system. |
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Which organ system consists of the pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, and other organs? Key functions are hormone production, and control and regulation of other systems. |
Endocrine system. |
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Which organ system consist of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries? Key functions are distribution of oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones, electrolytes, immune cells and antibodies. Also, fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance. |
Circulatory system. |
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Which organ system consists of the stomach, small and large intestines, and Soffa guess, liver, mouth, and pancreas? Key functions are breakdown and absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. |
Digestive system. |
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Which organ system consist of the testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis? Key functions are production and delivery of sperm, and secretion of sex hormones. |
Male reproductive system. |
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Which organ system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and breast? Key functions are production of eggs, site of fertilization in fetal development, birth, lactation, and secretion of sex hormones. |
Female reproductive system. |
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Which directional anatomical term means toward the front of the body? |
Anterior, or ventral. |
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Which anatomical directional term means toward the back of the body? |
Posterior, or dorsal. |
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What body region is the deltoid? |
The shoulder. |
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What body region is frontal? |
The forehead. |
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What body region is Cephalic? |
The head. Not to be confused with cranial, which means surrounding the brain. |
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What body region is antecubital? |
Front of elbow. |
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What body region is antebrachial? |
The forearm. |
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What body region is carpal? |
The wrist. |
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What body region is carpal? |
The wrist. |
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What body region is patellar? |
The knee. |
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What body region is carpal? |
The wrist. |
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What body region is patellar? |
The knee. |
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What body region is tarsal |
The ankle. |
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What body region is inguinal? |
The groin. |
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What body region is cranial? |
Surrounding the brain. |
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What body region is otic? |
The ear. |
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What body region is occipital? |
The back of the head. |
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What body region is orbital? |
The eye. |
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Where is the sacral body region found? |
Directly below the lumbar, directly below the lower back. |
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What body region is calcaneal? |
The heel. |
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What smaller cavities are found inside the thoracic cavity? |
The mediastinum, and the pleural cavity. |
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What separates the thoracic cavity in the abdominal pelvic cavity? |
The diaphragm. |
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What two smaller cavities are found within the abdominopelvic cavity? |
The abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity. Lol it’s in the name I guess. |
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What are the two major body cavities? |
The ventral cavity, which is at the front of the body. And the dorsal cavity, at the rear of the body. |
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What is included in the ventral cavity? |
The thoracic cavity, which includes the mediastinum, and the pleural cavity. As well as the abdominopelvic cavity, which contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities. |
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What smaller cavities are inside of the dorsal cavity? |
The cranial cavity, and the spinal cavity. |
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Which abdominal region contains the liver, gallbladder, and right kidney? |
The right hypochondriac region, located at the top right. |
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Which abdominal region contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, and right and left kidneys? |
The epigastric region, located at the top middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the stomach, liver tip, left kidney, and spleen? |
The left hypochondriac region, located at the top left. |
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Which abdominal region contains the liver tip, small intestines, ascending colon, and right kidney? |
The right lumbar region, located in the right middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the stomach, pancreas, small intestines, and transverse colon? |
The umbilical region, located in the middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the stomach, pancreas, small intestines, and transverse colon? |
The umbilical region, located in the middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the small intestines, descending colon, and left kidney? |
The left lumbar region, located at the left middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the stomach, pancreas, small intestines, and transverse colon? |
The umbilical region, located in the middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the small intestines, descending colon, and left kidney? |
The left lumbar region, located at the left middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the small intestines, appendix, cecum and ascending colon? |
The right iliac region, located at the right bottom. |
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Which abdominal region contains the stomach, pancreas, small intestines, and transverse colon? |
The umbilical region, located in the middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the small intestines, descending colon, and left kidney? |
The left lumbar region, located at the left middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the small intestines, appendix, cecum and ascending colon? |
The right iliac region, located at the right bottom. |
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Which abdominal region contains the small intestines, the sigmoid colon, and the bladder? |
The hypogastric region, located at the middle bottom. |
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Which abdominal region contains the stomach, pancreas, small intestines, and transverse colon? |
The umbilical region, located in the middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the small intestines, descending colon, and left kidney? |
The left lumbar region, located at the left middle. |
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Which abdominal region contains the small intestines, appendix, cecum and ascending colon? |
The right iliac region, located at the right bottom. |
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Which abdominal region contains the small intestines, the sigmoid colon, and the bladder? |
The hypogastric region, located at the middle bottom. |
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Which abdominal region contains the small intestines, descending colon, and sigmoid colon? |
The left iliac region, located at the bottom left. |
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What is a normal range for blood glucose levels? |
Blood glucose level should remain between 65 and 99 mm/dl. |
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What are the three steps of homeostatic regulation? |
1. A receptor. 2. A control center. 3. An effector. |
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What is the term for anything that has mass and occupies space? |
Matter. |
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What is the term for anything that has mass and occupies space? |
Matter. |
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What is the term for pure substances that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more substances? |
Elements. |
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What is the term for anything that has mass and occupies space? |
Matter. |
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What is the term for pure substances that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more substances? |
Elements. |
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What is the term for chemical combinations of two or more elements? |
Compounds. |
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What is negative feedback? |
When the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change. |
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What is negative feedback? |
When the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change. |
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96% of the human body are made up of what four elements? |
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. |
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What are the major elements? |
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus. |
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What are the major elements? |
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus. |
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What are the lesser elements? |
Sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron. |
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What are the major elements? |
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus. |
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What are the lesser elements? |
Sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron. |
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What kind of charge do protons carry? |
Protons carry a positive charge. |
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What are the major elements? |
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus. |
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What are the lesser elements? |
Sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron. |
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What kind of charge do protons carry? |
Protons carry a positive charge. |
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What kind of charge do electrons carry? |
Electrons carry a negative charge. |
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What are the major elements? |
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus. |
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What are the lesser elements? |
Sulfur, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron. |
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What kind of charge do protons carry? |
Protons carry a positive charge. |
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What kind of charge do electrons carry? |
Electrons carry a negative charge. |
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What kind of charge do neutrons carry? |
Neutrons carry a neutral charge. |
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What determines the atomic number? |
The number of protons determines the atomic number. |
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What determines the atomic number? |
The number of protons determines the atomic number. |
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What determines the atomic weight? |
The number of protons and neutrons added together equals the atomic weight. |
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What determines the atomic number? |
The number of protons determines the atomic number. |
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What determines the atomic weight? |
The number of protons and neutrons added together equals the atomic weight. |
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What determines the number of electrons? |
The number of protons. |
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What is packed together in the center of the nucleus? |
The protons and neutrons. |
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All atoms of the same element generally contain the same number of neutrons. But, when an atom contains a different number of neutrons, it is called: |
An isotope. |
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Some isotopes, such as tritium, are unstable. The nuclei of these isotopes decay, and as they do they emit radiation. These isotopes are called _____, and the process of decay is called _____. |
These isotopes are called radioisotopes, in the process of decay is called radioactivity. |
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An atom with a full outer shell is called: |
Stable. |
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What kind of bond is formed when one atom transfers an electron from its outer shell to another atom? |
An ionic bond. |
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What kind of bond is formed when one atom transfers an electron from its outer shell to another atom? |
An ionic bond. |
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When an atom gains or loses an electron, its overall charge changes from neutral to either positive or negative. These electrically charged atoms are called what? |
Ions. |
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What kind of bond is formed when one atom transfers an electron from its outer shell to another atom? |
An ionic bond. |
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When an atom gains or loses an electron, its overall charge changes from neutral to either positive or negative. These electrically charged atoms are called what? |
Ions. |
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Atoms having a positive charge are called? |
Cations 🐱 they are paw-sitively charged |
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What kind of bond is formed when one atom transfers an electron from its outer shell to another atom? |
An ionic bond. |
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When an atom gains or loses an electron, its overall charge changes from neutral to either positive or negative. These electrically charged atoms are called what? |
Ions. |
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Atoms having a positive charge are called? |
Cations 🐱 they are paw-sitively charged |
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Atoms with a negative charge are called? |
Anions. |
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When dissolved in water, ionic bonds tend to disassociate, creating a solution of positively and negatively charged ions that is capable of conducting electricity. This process is called? |
Ionization. |
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Compounds that ionize in water and create a solution capable of conducting electricity are called what? |
Electrolytes. |
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What type of bond is formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons? |
A covalent bond. |
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Two types of chemical bonds are: |
Ionic and covalent. |
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What type of bond is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another? |
A hydrogen bond. |
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The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is called: |
Metabolism. |
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The sum of all chemical reactions in the body is called: |
Metabolism. |
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This involves breaking down complex compounds such as large food molecules into simpler ones, releases energy (sometimes heat), but most of it is transferred to ATP. |
Catabolism |
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This involves building larger, more complex chemical molecules. It requires energy input, which is obtained from ATP. |
Anabolism. |
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This involves the formation or breaking of chemical bonds: |
Chemical reactions. |
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This involves the formation or breaking of chemical bonds: |
Chemical reactions. |
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Chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a different more complex substance: |
Synthesis. |
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This involves the formation or breaking of chemical bonds: |
Chemical reactions. |
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Chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a different more complex substance: |
Synthesis. |
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Chemical reaction in which a complex substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances: |
Decomposition. |
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This involves the formation or breaking of chemical bonds: |
Chemical reactions. |
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Chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a different more complex substance: |
Synthesis. |
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Chemical reaction in which a complex substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances: |
Decomposition. |
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Chemical reaction in which two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms, which form two new compounds. |
Exchange. |
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These are chemical substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction: |
Catalysts. Protein catalysts are called enzymes. Most metabolic reactions inside cells are controlled by enzymes. |
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What are the inorganic molecules essential to human life? |
Water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide; as well as acids and bases. |
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Characteristics of water include: |
Water is a solvent, lubricant, and it changes temperature slowly. |
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When two or more elements combine to create a new substance that has its own chemical properties, it is called: |
A compound. |
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When two or more elements combine to create a new substance that has its own chemical properties, it is called: |
A compound. |
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When two or more substances blend together rather than chemically combine, and each substance retains its own chemical properties, it is called: |
A mixture. |
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What is the capacity to do work, to put matter into motion? |
Energy. |
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What is the capacity to do work, to put matter into motion? |
Energy. |
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What is energy that is stored in the bonds of molecules called? |
Potential energy. It is called this because it has the potential to do work, it’s just not doing work at the moment. same. |
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What is the capacity to do work, to put matter into motion? |
Energy. |
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What is energy that is stored in the bonds of molecules called? |
Potential energy. It is called this because it has the potential to do work, it’s just not doing work at the moment. same. |
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Energy in motion is called: |
Kinetic energy. |
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Know this: factors that affect chemical reaction rates are: |
Temperature, concentration, and catalysts. Heat speeds up molecular movement, increasing the frequency in force of collisions between molecules. In concentrated solutions, molecules are more densely packed, increasing the rate of collision. Catalyst, these are chemical substances that speed up the rate of a reaction. |
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A catalyst which acts to bring out a specific chemical reaction: |
An enzyme. |
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Inorganic compounds do not contain what? |
Carbon. |
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Know this: functions of water |
Water is a solvent, that dissolves substances. It is also a lubricant, that clings to the bodies tissues. Water also changes temperature slowly. |
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Define solution. |
A solution consist of particles of matter, called the solute, dissolved in a more abundant substance, usually water, called the solvent. The solvent must be clear, with none of the particles visible. |
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Define solution. |
A solution consist of particles of matter, called the solute, dissolved in a more abundant substance, usually water, called the solvent. The solvent must be clear, with none of the particles visible. |
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Define a colloid. |
In the human body these are usually mixtures of protein and water. Colloids can change from liquid to gel. The particles are small enough to stay permanently mixed, but large enough so that the mixture is cloudy. Example, gelatin. |
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Define solution. |
A solution consist of particles of matter, called the solute, dissolved in a more abundant substance, usually water, called the solvent. The solvent must be clear, with none of the particles visible. |
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Define a colloid. |
In the human body these are usually mixtures of protein and water. Colloids can change from liquid to gel. The particles are small enough to stay permanently mixed, but large enough so that the mixture is cloudy. Example, gelatin. |
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Define suspension. |
Suspensions contain large particles, making the suspension cloudy or even opaque. If allowed to stand, the particles will separate and settle at the bottom of the container. Example salad dressing, blood cells in plasma. |
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Define cellular respiration. |
The production of energy within cells. |
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Acids do what to hydrogen ions, and bases do what? |
Acids release hydrogen ions, and bases accept them. |
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More hydrogen ions means, more acidic or less acidic? |
More hydrogen ions means more acidic. |
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PH stands for? |
Power of hydrogen. |
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PH stands for? |
Power of hydrogen. |
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A pH less than what is acidic? |
A pH less than seven is acidic. |
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PH stands for? |
Power of hydrogen. |
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A pH less than what is acidic? |
A pH less than seven is acidic. |
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What are the substances that donate or remove hydrogen to regulate pH? |
Buffers. |
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PH greater than seven are what? |
Basic, alkaline. |
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PH greater than seven are what? |
Basic, alkaline. |
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Blood pH levels should be within what range? |
Blood pH should be between 7.3 and 7.5. |
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What is the storage form of glucose? |
Glycogen. |
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What is the bodies main source of energy? |
Carbohydrates and glucose. |
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Any substance that releases hydrogen when dissolved in water is a what? |
An acid. |
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Acids are sometimes called: |
Proton donors. |
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Bases are sometimes called: |
Proton acceptors. |
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A solution with a pH of seven is: |
Neutral. |
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A solution with a pH less than seven is: |
Acidic. |
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A solution with a pH greater than seven is: |
Basic, alkaline. |
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What contains one sugar unit, glucose, fructose, & galactose? |
Monosaccharides. |
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What contains one sugar unit, glucose, fructose, & galactose? |
Monosaccharides. |
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What contains two sugar units, sucrose, lactose, maltose? |
Disaccharides. |
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What contains one sugar unit, glucose, fructose, & galactose? |
Monosaccharides. |
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What contains two sugar units, sucrose, lactose, maltose? |
Disaccharides. |
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What contains many sugar units in chains, glycogen, starch, cellulose? |
Polysaccharides. |
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Functions of lipids: |
Reserve energy supply, provide structure to cells, insulate nerves, serve as vitamins, cushion organs. |
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Functions of lipids: |
Reserve energy supply, provide structure to cells, insulate nerves, serve as vitamins, cushion organs. |
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What type of fats are mostly animal? |
Saturated fats. |
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Functions of lipids: |
Reserve energy supply, provide structure to cells, insulate nerves, serve as vitamins, cushion organs. |
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What type of fats are mostly animal, and more solid? |
Saturated fats. |
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What type of fats are mostly plant, and more liquid? |
Unsaturated fats. |
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What are the most abundant and important organic compounds in the body? |
Proteins. |
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Know this: proteins have smaller subunits called amino acids which are linked by what? |
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. |
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When you give someone a calcium supplement, what do you need for absorption? |
Vitamin D. |
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What is the most abundant lipid? |
Triglycerides. |
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Steroids are a diverse group of lipids that fulfill a wide variety of roles. The most important steroid, the one from which all other steroids are made, is: |
Cholesterol. |
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A short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds is called a: |
Polypeptide. |
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Energy stored within a nucleotide is called: |
ATP. adenosine triphosphate. |
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This body plane that divides the body into right and left: |
Sagittal plane. |
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This body plane that divides the body into right and left: |
Sagittal plane. |
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The body plane divides the body into upper and lower portions: |
The transverse plane. |
