A&p 2

Front 1

3. what are the general functions of 3 types of blood cells?

Back 1

-red-erthryocytes=plays a critical role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

-white-leukocytes=immunity

-platelets=play a role in blood clotting or coagulation.

 

Front 2

2. what are the most abundant blood cells?

Back 2

-platelets

Front 3

1. what percent of the whole blood is plasma?

Back 3

55%

Front 4

4. What is the relationship between hemacrit and erthrocytes?

Back 4

hemacrit is the volume of RBC's and erthrocytes is RBC's

Front 5

7. ***What are the functions of the five types of leukocytes?

Back 5

Neutrophils – Very active phagocytic cells that migrate out of blood vessels and enter tissue spaces ·

Eosinophils – respiratory and digestive

Basophils – capable of diapedesis ,histamen, hiperan
AGRANULOCYTES =
Lymphocytes – smallest of the leukocytes, kill
Monocytes – largest and shaped like a kidney bean and highly phagocytocic

Front 6

5. How is erthropoiesis (formation of red blood cells) regulated?

Back 6

low levels of oxygen will increase the production of RBC's.

Front 7

9.*** Describe the great vessels that are associated with the heart?

Back 7

Aorta -recieves blood from lft ventricle
Superior and inferior venae cavae-
Pulmonary trunk-right
Pulmonary arteries-left, right send blood to lung
Pulmonary veins - return blood from lung to left atrium

Front 8

6. Define blood types according to ABO system and Rh system.

Back 8

ABO system-
A-A antigen
B- b antigen
AB-AB antigen
O-neither A or B antigen

Rh system:
Rh antigens are present in RBC with Rh positive
Rh negative is no Rh antigen present

Front 9

24. What are the examples of the organs of the lymphatic system? p.781

Back 9

tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes

Front 10

23. What body systems are involved in the regulation of blood pressure?

Back 10

peripheral resistance, hormones, venus pumps, p.754

Front 11

8. Describe the structures of the cardiac wall and pericardial coverings.

Back 11

---Epicardium - outer layer
---Myocardium - thick middle layer, are autorythmic (can contract on their own)
---Endocardium - lining of the interior wall, delicate lining of the heart

pericardium-
fibrous and the serous which is next to epicardium

Front 12

25. What body areas do the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct drain?

Back 12

thoracic duct drains - entire left side and limbs plus lower right side

right duct- upper right quadrant plus right limb

Front 13

10. What do heart valves separate and what are their functions?

Back 13

right and left chambers are seperated by the septum...Heart valves are the mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only (four chambers total)---atria=recieving, ventricles=pumping

Front 14

11. Describe the coronary circulation?

Back 14

mycardial cells recieve blood from the right and left arteries...after going through cardiac veins, blood enters the coronary sinus to drain into right atrium

Front 15

12. Describe the conduction system of the heart?

Back 15

fig 18-12 p. 690---

Front 16

13. Where is the normal cardiac pacemaker?

Back 16

Sinotrial SA node

Front 17

14. Compare the structures of the different types of blood vessels.

Back 17

artery - 30-40%, carry blood away from heart, elastic arteries are the largest in the body and can stretch without injury to accommodate the surge of blood in them

Arteriole - resistant vessels, smallest vessels,

capillaries- primary exchange vessels

Vein - carries blood toward the heart, pressure is low and high blood volume 60%

venule - first venous structures are small diameter

capillary - microscopic vessels that carry blood from arterioles to venules "primary exchange vessels"

Front 18

15. Describe the pathways of the pulmonary and systemic circulations. p.696

Back 18

pulmonary circulation = venuos blood moves from right atrium to right ventricle to pulmonary artery to lung arterioles and capilaries

systemic circulation = basically starting from the left ventricle of the heart circulating in whole body except lungs and back to heart rt. atrium...

...to Pulmonary artery to lung arterioles, occurance of oxygen in blood, then into four pulmonary veins then returns to left ventrical to restart cycle

Front 19

16. Through what structure does the fetus recieve nutrients and oxygen from the mother?

Back 19

placenta

Front 20

17. What does each of the wave complexes represent in ECG?

Back 20

p wave = depolarization of the atria
QRS complex- depolorization of the ventricles

T-wave= reflects repolorization of the ventricles.

u wave is the late repolorization of purkinje fibers--hyperkalemia(low blood potassium=normal wave does not show really but if it does show it means it is a sign of hypokalemia(low blood potasium)

Front 21

18. What happens during the cardiac cycle? p.742 fig 19-8

Back 21

it means a complete heartbeat or pumping cycle consisting of contraction and relaxation---atriole systole, isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ejection, isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, passive ventricular filling

Front 22

19. In what phase of the cardiac cycle are the 1st and 2nd heart sounds heard?

Back 22

2nd and 4th

Front 23

20. what is the mechanism of the normal heart sounds?

Back 23

contraction of the ventricles and vibrations of the closing of the atrioventricular cuspid valves...longer and lower than second which is shorp and sharp and is caused by vibrations of the closing semilunar valves

Front 24

21. How is the cardiac output calculated? p.746

Back 24

stroke volume SV(amount of blood pumped per heartbeat x heart rate HR

SV x HR = CO

Front 25

32.What are the actions of activated complement proteins?

Back 25

chemical reactions
..chemotaxis
anaphylatoxins
recruitment and activation of neutrophils
increased vascular permeability

Front 26

22. Why does the increased heart rate reduce the stroke volume?

Back 26

stroke volume is the amount of blood per beat…because fast heart rate does not let the ventricles fill w/ blood

-or maybe pressure increases volume decreases

Front 27

33.How are lymphocytes differentiated?

Back 27

antibody mediated-B cells
cellular mediated-T cells
adaptive

Front 28

27. What are the examples of the large reginal lymph nodes?

Back 28

preauricular - in front of the ear

submental and sub maxillary group- floor of the mouth--lymph form the nose, lips, and teeth

cervical - neck along the SCM
cubital - above the end of elbow
axillary - underarm, upper chest
illiac, inguinal - pelvis and groin

Front 29

28. Compare innate immunity with adaptive immunity?

Back 29

innate:
-recognizes variety of different groups of foreign cells
-rapid reaction time
-no memory of repeated exposure
-does not harm self's own cells
-skin
-IFN, complement
-phagocytes, NK natural killer cells


adaptive:
-recognizes specific antigens on specific cells
-slower reaction
-yes to memory
-does not harm
-lymphocytes
-antibodies

Front 30

26. How is a lymphatic vessel similar to a vein?

Back 30

they resemble in structure

Front 31

34.What particular types of cells secrete antibodies?

Back 31

..antibody mediated humoral cells not T cells

Front 32

40.What are the common stress related diseases or conditions?

Back 32

depression
tension
ulcrer
ibs
eczema
diabetes

Front 33

29. What are the examples of the nonspecific body defense mechanism?

Back 33

1st-skin, Mechanical barriers and chemical barriers
2nd-inflamatory response
3rd- specific immune response and natural killer cells

Front 34

35.What part of an antibody determines its specificity?

Back 34

..

Front 35

30. What are the cardinal local signs of acute inflamation?

Back 35

1.bacteria enter cell
2.issue damage occurs
3.inflamation mediatiors are released
4.increased leuckocytes at site of damage
5.baceria are destroyed, contained and phagocytized
6. no baceria remain and/or additional mediators activated

Front 36

41. What structures are included in the upper or lower respiratory tract?

Back 36

Upper-
-nasal cavity
-paranasal sinuses
-pharynx-nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryongopharnx
-larynx - cartilages, vocal cords

Lower:
-thrachea
-bronchi and bronchial tree
-Alveoli - respiratory membrane
-lungs - lobes and bonchopulmonary segments of the lungs

Hint 36

Ch.23

Front 37

42. What is the relationship between the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

Back 37

paranasal sinuses are air conataining spaces that drain into the nasal cavity

Front 38

42. What is the relationship between the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?

Back 38

they are both lined with respiratory mucosa

Front 39

36.Describe 5 classes of immunoglobins.

Back 39

--"mother gets attention even/w dad"
--IgM= 1st to appear
--IgG = most abundant, cross over to placenta, mother to fetus
--IgA= body secretion (tears, breast milk)
--IgE = allergic reactions
--IgD = markers on surface

Front 40

44. List at least one structure in each of the 3 parts of the pharynx.

Back 40

p. 856 fig 23-1
-naso pharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharnx

Front 41

46. how is the bronchus divided in the lung?

Back 41

right lung - 3 lobes

left lung - 2 lobes

p.870

Front 42

37.What are the function of helper and cytotoxic T cells?

Back 42

--helper- regulate the function of B cells Tcells, phagocytes, and other leucocytes..kill cells

ctotoxic T cells- release lymphotoxin to kill cells

Front 43

48. What are the 4 physiological process of respiration?

Back 43

-external respiration
-transport of respiratory gases by the blood
-internal respiration
-regulation of breathing

Front 44

38.Describe 4 types of aquired immunity. matching

Back 44

--natural active- aquires disease then gets immunity
--natural passivefetus recieves protection from mother
--artificial active-vaccination
--artificial passive- one time antybody to fight toxin

Front 45

47. Where does the exchange of respiration gases occur?

Back 45

p. 884 fig 24-1

external respiration : pulmonary capilaries of the lungs, alveoli

internal respiration: systemic blood capillaries and cellular respiration

Front 46

39.What body systems are involved in the stress response?

Back 46

--cardiovascular-hypertension, stroke
--muscles-headaches
--connective tissue-arthritis
--pulmonary system-asthma
--immune system-AIDS, lupus
--gastrointesinal-IBS, ulcer
--genitory-prostrate, ED
--skin-eczema, acne
--endocrine-diabetes
--central nervous- fatigue, depression, insomnia

Hint 46

p.847

Front 47

45. how is bronchus divided in the lung?

Back 47

p.862-865

-2 primary bronchi
-secondary bronchi
-tertiary bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
-alveoli
-

Front 48

43. Define uvula, glottis, epiglottis, soft palate, hard palate?

Back 48

---uvula- directs food down
---epiglottis - beginning of larybogopharynx, Prevents food from going down the wrong tube
---glottis-entryway to vocal cord
---soft palate- back of throat
---hard palate-top of throat, mouth

Hint 48

p. 860

Front 49

49. How do the 3 pressures in ventilation change during inspiration and expiration?

Back 49

-inspiration- diaphram contractsincreasing volume, reducing PIP
-expiration-diaphram relaxes and increases PIP
When atmospheric pressure is greater than pressure within the lung, air flows down this gas pressure gradient. When pressure in the lungs becomes greater than atmospheric pressure

Hint 49

p. 889

Front 50

50.*** Describe the respiratory volumes and capacities.p. 895-897

Back 50

p. 895-897
IRV 3000-3300ml
TV - 500 ml
ERV - 1000-1200 ml
RV - 1200 ml
Vital capacity 4500-5000 ml

Front 51

51. How are the respiratory gases transported in the blood?

Back 51

gases from a chemical union with some other molecule such as hemoglobin, plasma, protein, or water
p.903

Hint 51

p.903

Front 52

52. Define pneumothorax, chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema.

Back 52

pneumothorax - air in chest from puncturing the chest wall compressing the lungs

chronic bronchitis - inflamation of epithelium

athshma - constriction smooth muscle of windpipe

emphysema - enlargement and destruction of alveolar walls

Hint 52

p.917

Front 53

53. Describe the structures along GI tract in sequential order.

Back 53

mouth, oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestin, duodenum, jejunim, illiem, large intestine, cecum, ascending transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal

Hint 53

table 25-1 p. 927

Front 54

54. What are the accessory digestive organs?

Back 54

liver, gallbladder, pancreas
salivary glands,tongue, teeth, vermiform appendix

Front 55

55. Where are the salivary glands located?

Back 55

alimentary canals near the masseter muscle

Hint 55

p.930

Front 56

56. What parts of the digestive tract perform mechanical and or chemical digestion?

Back 56

mechanical digestion-

chemical digestion-

Hint 56

tab 26-2 p.968
tab 26-3 p. 973

Front 57

57.Define peristalis, mastication, deglutition, p[ropulsion, defecation.

Back 57

propulsion-perstalis or forward movement

peristlis - movement (wavelike) of muscle tissue in the wall of GI tract

mastication - chewing

deglutition - swallowing

prolusion - peristatic contraction pushing

defecation - expelling feces from the digestive tract

Front 58

58. How is the gastric secretion controlled?

Back 58

by the 3 phases stating with the Cephalic phase ( sight, smell, taste, thought, gastric phase, intestinal phase

Front 59

59. What digestive organs secrete GI hormones?

Back 59

gastrin, GIP, secretin, CCK
hormones are secreted by endocrine
cells in the mucosa of the duodenum

Front 60

60. Where is the most active site of the absorption of nutrients?

Back 60

small intestine completes digestion and absorbs nutrients

Front 61

31. describe the process of phagocytosis?

Back 61

ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles, phagocytes by initiating inflamation and activating the complement cascade

Front 62

39.What body sytems are involved in the stress response

Back 62

nervous, endocrine, immune