A&p 18 Endocrine Endeavour

Front 1

HYPOGLYCEMIA - definition of:

Back 1

Abnormally low blood glucose concentration, stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete GHRH

Front 2

HYPERGLYCEMIA - definition of:

Back 2

Abnormally high blood glucose concentration, stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete GHIH (while inhibiting the secretion of GHRH)

Front 3

Somatotrophs: AKA: Somatotropin.
Secrete?

Back 3

Secrete: hGH Human Growth Hormone
In turn hGH stimulates several tissues to secrete insulinlike growth factors (hormones that stimulate general body growth and regulate aspects of metabolism

Front 4

Thyrotrophs:
Secrete?

Back 4

secrete: TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone. (aka: thyrotropin).
TSH controls the secretions and other activities of the thyroid gland

Front 5

Gonadotrophs:
Secrete?

Back 5

Gonadotropins: x2
1- FSH Follicle stimulating hormone.
2- LH Lutenizing hormone.
Stimulates secretion of oestrogens and progesterone and the maturation of oocytes in the ovaries, sperm production & secretion of testosterone in the testes

Front 6

Lactotrophs:
Secrete?

Back 6

PRL Prolactin.
Initiates milk production in the mammary glands

Front 7

Corticotrophs:
Secret?

Back 7

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone. (AKA corticotropin). Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
Also MSH Melanocyte stimulating hormone. FX unknown.

Front 8

1.Most numerous cells in the anterior pituitary?
2. Most plentiful hormone in the anterior pituitary?

Back 8

1. Somatotrophs
2. Human Growth Hormone hGH

Front 9

Hormone Interactions- Permissive Effect

Back 9

Permissive- Action of a hormone on a target cell requires a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone. eg. epinephrine weakly stimulates lipolysis(breakdown of triglycerides). When T3&T4 present, stimulus for lipolysis is much more powerful

Front 10

Responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depends upon? (3 x things)

Back 10

1. The hormone's concentration in the blood
2. Abundance of the target cell's hormone receptors
3. Influences exerted by other hormones.

Front 11

Hormone Interactions - Synergistic effect

Back 11

Synergistic Effect; Two hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than the effect of each hormone acting alone. eg. normal development of oocytes requires both FHS from AP & oestrogen from ovaries. neither alone is sufficient

Front 12

Hormone interactions - Antagonistic effect

Back 12

Antagonistic effect-When one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone. EG. Insulin, promotes syntheses of glycogen by liver cells & glucagon, stimulates breakdown of glycogen in the liver.

Front 13

Chemical Class / Hormone / site of secretion;
ALDOSTERONE

Back 13

LIPID SOLUBLE-STEROID HORMONES
ALDOSTERONE
Secreted; Adrenal cortex, kidneys, testes & ovaries

Front 14

Chemical Class / Hormone / site of secretion;
T3 & T4

Back 14

LIPID SOLUBLE THYROID HORMONES>
Secreted by Thyroid Gland (Follicular Cells)

Front 15

Chemical Class / Hormone / site of secretion;
Nitric Oxide (NO)

Back 15

Lipid soluble, gas,
Secreted by endothelial cells lining blood vessels.

Front 16

Chemical Class / Hormone / site of secretion;
Amines

Back 16

Water soluble
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, histamine, serotonin.
Secreted by: adrenal medulla, pineal gland, mast cells in conn. tissue, platelets in blood.

Front 17

Chemical Class / Hormone / site of secretion;
Peptides & Proteins

Back 17

Water soluble. HORMONES:Oxytocin, ADH, hGH, TSH, ADCH, FSH, LH, PRL, MSH. Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, PTH, Calcitonin, Leptin, Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, GIP, Erythropoietin. Secreted by: Hypothalamus, A&P Pituitary

Front 18

Chemical Class / Hormone / site of secretion;
Eicosanoids

Back 18

Water Soluble:
Prostaglandinds, Leukotrienes.
Secreted by All celles except RED blood cells.

Front 19

Water soluble hormones are circulated in which form?

Back 19

FREE form (not attached to other molecules)

Front 20

Lipid soluble hormones are circulated bound to what?

Back 20

Transport proteins. (synthesized by the liver).

Front 21

Local hormones x2. Examples of:

Back 21

Autocrines- act on self. eg. INterleukin-2, released by T cells during immune responses. Acts as autocrine and paracrine.
Paracrines- act on neighbouring cells. eg. Nitrous oxide, relaxation of nearby smooth muscle fibres.

Front 22

Exocrine glands - secrete where?
Give examples of.

Back 22

Into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavitites, into the lumen of the organ or to the outer surface of the body. eg. Sudoriferous glands (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, & digestive glands.

Front 23

Endocrine glands- secrete where?
Give examples of.

Back 23

Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells rather than into ducts. From there, diffuses into blood capillaries, blood carries them to target cells. Very vascular. eg. Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal & pineal glands.

Front 24

A mediator molecule that is released in one part of the body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the body.

Back 24

Hormone

Front 25

How do Neurotransmitters and hormones exert their effects?

Back 25

By binding to receptors on or in their 'target' cells.

Front 26

A mediator molecule that is both a neurotransmitter and a hormone.

Back 26

Norepinephrine-
NT of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons & a hormone by chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla.

Front 27

PTH or parathormone, regulates what?

Back 27

Calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions in the blood.

Front 28

Name the three zones of the adrenal cortex.

Back 28

1. Zona glomerulosa- secrete mineralocorticoids.
2. Zona fasciculata- secrete mainly glucocorticoids
3. Zona Reticularis- synthesise small amounts of androgens.

Front 29

Which Zone of the adrenal cortex secretes Cortisol?

Back 29

Zona Fasciculata- secretes glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol.

Front 30

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes NE and epinephrine?

Back 30

NONE! The Adrenal medulla has chromaffin cells that secrete NE and epinephrine.

Front 31

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?

Back 31

Zona reticularis.

Front 32

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone?

Back 32

Zona Glomerulosa- secretes mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone.

Front 33

Name the three regions (not zones!!) of the Adrenal Glands

Back 33

Capsule.
Adrenal Cortex (which includes the x3 zones)
Adrenal Medulla.

Front 34

In the adrenal glands, which pathway controls the secretion of aldosterone, (a mineralocorticoid)?

Back 34

The RAA Pathway (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway)

Front 35

Which hormone secreted by the zona fasciculata accounts for 95% of glucocorticoid activity?

Back 35

Cortisol.

Front 36

Low blood levels of glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol, stimulates neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus to secrete which hormone?

Back 36

CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone, which promotes the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

Front 37

Somatostatin acts as a :
a) local hormone,
b) circulating hormone,
c) both.

Back 37

Somatostatin acts in a paracrine manner to inhibit both insulin and glucagon release from neighboring beta & alpha cells. Also as a circulating hormone slows absorption of nutrients from the GIT. Also inhibits secretion of growth hormone.

Front 38

Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits what?

Back 38

Somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas.

Front 39

The pineal gland secretes which amine hormone derived from seratonin?

Back 39

Melatonin.

Front 40

The stress response, or G.A.S (general adaptation syndrome) is controlled mainly by which organ?

Back 40

The hypothalamus.

Front 41

LH - Lutenizing Hormone:
secreted by?
Releasing hormone?
Inhibiting Hormone?

Back 41

Secreted by Gonadotrophs.
Releasing: GnRH Gonadotropin releasing hormone.
Inhibiting : -

Front 42

ACTH- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
secreted by?
Releasing hormone?
Inhibiting Hormone?

Back 42

Secreted by Corticotrophs
Releasing : CRH corticotropin releasing hormone
Inhibiting : -

Front 43

PRL- Prolactin
secreted by?
Releasing hormone?
Inhibiting Hormone?

Back 43

Secreted by Lactotrophs
Releasing: PRH prolactin releasing hormone
Inhibiting: PIH prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

Front 44

TSH- Thyroid stimulating hormone
secreted by?
Releasing hormone?
Inhibiting Hormone?

Back 44

Secreted by Thyrotrophs
Releasing: TRH Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Inhibiting: GHIH Growth hormone inhibiting hormone

Front 45

FSH- Follicle stimulating hormone
secreted by?
Releasing hormone?
Inhibiting Hormone?

Back 45

Secreted by Gondaotrophs
Releasing: GnRH
Inhibiting: -

Front 46

hGH Human Growth Hormone (AKA somatotropin)
secreted by?
Releasing hormone?
Inhibiting Hormone?

Back 46

Secreted by Somatotrophs
Releasing: GHRH
Inhibiting: GHIH

Front 47

MSH Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
secreted by?
Releasing hormone?
Inhibiting Hormone?

Back 47

Secreted by corticotrophs
Releasing: CRH
Inhibiting: Dopamine