A&p 1 Chapter 3

Front 1

____ is the movement of a higher solute concentration to and area with a lower solute concentration; without using energy

Back 1

Diffusion

Front 2

____ are the small structures contained within a cell, that perform the specific functions within the cell:

Back 2

Organelles

Front 3

The ____ ____ is the phospholipid bilayer boundary that controls the entry and exit of substances in and out of a cell:

Back 3

Plasma Membrane

Front 4

____ is the inner fluid part of a cell that contains enzymes and is where most cell activities take place

Back 4

Cytoplasm

Front 5

What are the four primary characteristics functions of cells:

Back 5

Cell metabolism and energy use, synthesis of molecules, cell to cell communication, reproduction

Front 6

The ____ is the centrally located structure in a cell, which directs cellular activities:

Back 6

Nucleus

Front 7

____ are extensions of the plasma membrane containing microfilaments which increases the surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption and secretion

Back 7

Microvilli

Front 8

____ are extensions of the plasma membrane made of microtubules, which move materials over the surface of the cell and provide locomotion

Back 8

Cilia

Front 9

____ are the site of protein synthesis, and are found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulim or free floating in the cytoplasm

Back 9

Ribosomes

Front 10

Tubules and flattened sacs with attached ribosomes that conduct protein synthesis and then transport to the golgi apparatus

Back 10

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Front 11

Tubules off flattened sacs with no attached ribosomes, that manufactures lipids and carbohydrates, detoxifies chemicals, stores calcium

Back 11

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulim

Front 12

Organelle consisting of flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other, that modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion and internal cell use:

Back 12

Golgi Aparatus

Front 13

Membrane sac pinched off the golgi apparatus that carries protein and lipids to a cells surface for secretion

Back 13

Secretory Vesicle

Front 14

Membrane vesicle pinched off the golgi apparatus that contains digestive materials "suicide sacs":

Back 14

Lysome

Front 15

The three primary components of the Nucleus:

Back 15

Nuclear envelope, Chromatin, Nucleous

Front 16

The ____ ____ is the double membrane enclosing the nucleus, connects to the endoplasmic reticulum, and separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm:

Back 16

Nuclear Envelope

Front 17

____ are dispersed thin strands of DNA, histones, and other proteins that condense to form chromosomes during cell division, and regulates protein syntheses and chemical reactions of the cell:

Back 17

Chromatin

Front 18

One or more dense bodies consisting of ribosomal RNA and proteins that is the assembly site of large and small ribosomal subunits:

Back 18

Nucleolus

Front 19

A membrane bound vesicle that contains catalase and is one site of lipid and amino acid degradation; breaks down hydrogen peroxide:

Back 19

Peroxisome

Front 20

Tube-like protein complexes in the cytoplasm that breaks down proteins in the cytoplasm:

Back 20

Proteasomes

Front 21

Spherical, rod-shaped, or thread like structures enclosed by a double membrane: inner membrane forms projections called cristae, that is the MAJOR site of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available:

Back 21

Mitochondria

Front 22

Pair of cylindrical organelles consisting of triplets of parallel microtubes that are the center for microtube formation, determines the cell polarity during division and forms the basal bodies of cilia and flagella:

Back 22

Centrioles

Front 23

Microtubes extending from the centrosome to chromosomes that assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division:

Back 23

Spindle fibers

Front 24

Extension of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtubes that are responsible for movement of spermatoza:

Back 24

Flagella

Front 25

Substances inside the cell lipid membrane are said to be:

Back 25

Intracellular

Front 26

Substances outside the cell lipid membrane are said to be:

Back 26

Extracellualar

Front 27

Substances in between cells:

Back 27

Intercellular

Front 28

The regulation of ion movement by cells results in a charge difference across the plasma membrane, this is called the:

Back 28

Membrane Potential

Front 29

The outside of the plasma membrane has a more ____ charge

Back 29

+

Front 30

The inside of the plasma membrane has a more ____ charge

Back 30

-

Front 31

The collection of glycolipids and glycoproteins and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane is called the:

Back 31

Glycocalyx

Front 32

____ readily assemble to form a lipid bilayer that functionally forms the cell membrane

Back 32

Phospholipids

Front 33

What are the two predominant lipids of the plasma membrane:

Back 33

Phospholipids and cholresterol

Front 34

(water loving)

Back 34

Hydrophilic

Front 35

(water fearing)

Back 35

Hydrophobic

Front 36

What does the fluid mosaic model suggest:

Back 36

That the plasma membrane is neither rigid nor static, but highly flexible and allows for shape change and composition change ofer time.

Front 37

What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane:

Back 37

It helps determine the fluid nature of the membrane, and limits the movement of phospholipids , providing stability to the plasma membrane

Front 38

____ ____ are the cell surface molecules that allow cells to identify one another or other molecules:

Back 38

Marker Molecules

Front 39

What are the two most common marker molecules:

Back 39

glycoproteins and glycolipids

Front 40

____ ____ are integral proteins in the cell membrane that allow for the attachment to other cells or extracellular molecules:

Back 40

Attachment Proteins

Front 41

____ are the proteins that attach cells to other cells:

Back 41

Cadherins

Front 42

____ are the proteins that attach cells to other extracellular molecules:

Back 42

Integrins

Front 43

____ ____ are the integral proteins in the plasma membrane that allow ions or other molecules to move from one side of the membrane to the other:

Back 43

Transport Proteins

Front 44

What are the three types of transport proteins:

Back 44

Channel Proteins, Carrier Proteins, and ATP Powered Pumps

Front 45

____ ____ are the proteins in the plasma membrane that form a tiny channel through the membrane:

Back 45

Channel Proteins

Front 46

Which transport protein has a specific binding site for ions or molecules:

Back 46

Carrier Proteins

Front 47

A carrier protein that moves one specific ion or molecule across the plasma membrane:

Back 47

Uniport

Front 48

A carrier protein that moves two different ions or molecules across the plasma membrane:

Back 48

Symport

Front 49

A carrier protein that moves two different ions or molecules in opposite directions across the plasma membrane:

Back 49

Antiport

Front 50

___ ___ ___ are transport proteins that move ions or molecules across the plasma membrane fueled by the breakdown of ATP

Back 50

ATP Powered Pumps

Front 51

____ ____ are the proteins or glycoproteins on the membrane surface with a receptor site, which, when activated sends a chemical signal to a cell which triggers a response

Back 51

Receptor proteins

Front 52

What are the four ways ions and molecules can pass through the plasma membrane:

Back 52

Directly dissolving through the phospholipid membrane, Membrane channels, Carrier Molecules, Vesicles

Front 53

How can some molecules and ions pass directly through the cell membrane, name three such molecules:

Back 53

Molecules soluble in lipids (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids) dissolve in the lipid layers and pass through.

Front 54

Which transport mechanism allows H2O a rapid movement across the plasma membrane:

Back 54

Channel Proteins

Front 55

What is a vesicle:

Back 55

A small sac of fused plasma membrane that has absorbed and surrounded molecules, matter or even cells, and pulled the object into the cell.

Front 56

The ____ ____ is the difference in solute concentration between two points divided by the distance between the two points

Back 56

Concentration Gradient

Front 57

The study of the mechanism of heredity:

Back 57

Genetics

Front 58

The genes an organism has for a given trait:

Back 58

Genotype

Front 59

The expression of genes as a trait:

Back 59

Phenotype

Front 60

What are the three types of genetic dominance:

Back 60

Complete Dominance, Codominance, Incomplete Dominance

Front 61

What are polygenic traits and provide examples:

Back 61

Traits determined by multiple genes. Ex: Skin color, hair color, height

Front 62

____ are the site of protein synthesis:

Back 62

Ribosomes

Front 63

DNA in the nucleus is contained in the ____:

Back 63

Chromatin

Front 64

The process of creating messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus and sending it through the pores to the ribosomes:

Back 64

Transcription

Front 65

The synthesis of a protein at the ribosomes in response to the codons of mRNA is called ____:

Back 65

Translation

Front 66

A ____ specifies a particular amino acid during translation:

Back 66

Codon

Front 67

The study of heredity; those characteristics inherited by children from their parents:

Back 67

Genetics

Front 68

The study of how certain genetic traits are passed from a parent to the offspring:

Back 68

Mendelian Genetics

Front 69

This organelle is primarily known for digestion:

Back 69

Lysosomes

Front 70

This organelle is primarily known for detoxification

Back 70

Peroxisomes

Front 71

This enzyme is contained in a Peroxisome, that is used to break down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Back 71

Catalase

Front 72

____ is the division of the cytoplasm of the cell to produce two new cells:

Back 72

Cytokinesis

Front 73

Any one of two or more genes that may occupy the same position or "locus" on a specific chromosome

Back 73

Allele

Front 74

An organism is ____ for a trait if the two alleles for a trait are identical; PP or pp

Back 74

Homozygous

Front 75

An organism is ____ for a trait if the two alleles for a trait are different; Pp

Back 75

Heterozygous

Front 76

All the cells of the body; except for gametes (sperm and eggs) are ____ cells

Back 76

Somatic

Front 77

The number of chromosomes in a somatic cell is called the ____, and and is 46 chromosomes.

Back 77

Diploid

Front 78

The number of chromosomes in a gamete cell is called the ____, and and is 23 chromosomes.

Back 78

Haploid

Front 79

What two types of cells are the gametes:

Back 79

Sperm and Eggs

Front 80

What is the chromosome pair for a female:

Back 80

XX

Front 81

What is the chromosome pair for a male:

Back 81

XY

Front 82

The 23 pairs of human chromosomes are divided into two sets, what are the two sets, and how many chromosome sets are in each:

Back 82

Autosomal (22) Sex Chromosomes (1)

Front 83

A ____ is comprised of DNA and proteins, and contains the genetic information of a cell....Humans have 23 pairs

Back 83

Chromosome

Front 84

The part of a chromosome where a gene is found

Back 84

Locus

Front 85

A ____ ____ is a failure of a structure or function (or both) as a result of abnormalities in a persons genetic makeup

Back 85

Genetic Disorder

Front 86

Agents that are known to cause genetic mutations are called:

Back 86

Mutagens

Front 87

A ____ is a set of signs and symptoms occurring together as a result of a single cause

Back 87

Syndrome

Front 88

The ____ ____ passively and/or actively regulates what enters or leaves a cell:

Back 88

Plasma Membrane

Front 89

What are the five main functions of membrane proteins

Back 89

Marker molecules, attachment proteins, transport proteins, receptor proteins, and enzymes

Front 90

____ is the diffusion of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane

Back 90

Osmosis

Front 91

____ ____ is the force required to prevent the movement of H2O across a selectively permeable membrane:

Back 91

Osmotic pressure

Front 92

Cells placed in a ____ solution will neither swell or shrink:

Back 92

Isotonic

Front 93

Cells placed in a ____ solution will shrink (crenation):

Back 93

Hypertonic

Front 94

Cells placed in a ____ solution will swell (lysis)

Back 94

Hypotonic

Front 95

____ is the movement of a liquid through a partition with holes that allow liquid, but not everything in the liquid to pass through

Back 95

Filtration

Front 96

____ is the movement of materials into a cell:

Back 96

Endocytosis

Front 97

____ is the movement of particles into a cell by the formation of a vesicle by the plasma membrane:

Back 97

Phagocytosis

Front 98

____ is the movement of materials out of a cell:

Back 98

Exocytosis

Front 99

A ____ is a portion of a DNA molecule and determines the proteins in a cell

Back 99

Gene

Front 100

____ contain their own DNA and can replicate independently of the cell:

Back 100

Mitochondria

Front 101

What are the two stages of a cells life cycle:

Back 101

Interphase and Cell Division

Front 102

____ is the time between cell divisions, this is the time of DNA replication

Back 102

Interphase

Front 103

____ is the replication of the nucleus of a cell, and the process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells

Back 103

Mitosis

Front 104

____ is the division of the cytoplasm of a cell

Back 104

Cytokinesis

Front 105

What are the four phases of mitosis:

Back 105

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Front 106

During this phase of mitosis, chromatin condenses to become visible chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form, and the nuclear envelope degenerates:

Back 106

Prophase

Front 107

During this stage of mitosis, chromosomes align at the equatorial plane:

Back 107

Metaphase

Front 108

During this stage of mitosis, the chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite poles:

Back 108

Anaphase

Front 109

During this stage of Mitosis, chromosomes unravel to become chromatin, and the nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear

Back 109

Telophase

Front 110

During mitosis, ____ begins with the formation of the cleavage furrow during anaphase and is complete when the plasma membrane comes together making two daughter cells

Back 110

Cytokinesis

Front 111

Chromosome pairs are called ____ ____

Back 111

Homologous Chromosomes

Front 112

____ results in the production of gametes

Back 112

Meiosis

Front 113

____ ____ is the carrier or channel based process of moving things in/out of cells. not requiring metabolic energy

Back 113

Facilitated diffusion

Front 114

____ ____ are the processes by which transport proteins assist in the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane:

Back 114

Mediated Transport

Front 115

____ is the movement of smaller molecules into the cell by the formation of a vesicle by the plasma membrane:

Back 115

Pinocytosis

Front 116

Are endocytosis and exocytosis active or passive processes:

Back 116

Active

Front 117

What are the three systems of mediated transport:

Back 117

Channel proteins, Carrier proteins, and ATP Powered Pumps

Front 118

What are the three kinds of mediated transport:

Back 118

Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport, Secondary Active Transport.

Front 119

____ is the genetic passing of traits from parents to offspring:

Back 119

Heredity