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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Features of smooth muscle tissue |
Fusiform shape (spindle)Single nucleusInvoluntarily controlledFound in walls of stomach, uterus, arteriesChanges internal volume of organ as it contracts lacks sarcomere and z discs surface area increased by caveolae (where calcium passes through) contains gap junctions |
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Features of cardiac muscle tissue |
Branched cellsOne of two nuclei per cellInvoluntarily controlledTissue of the heartStriatedChanges internal volume of organ as it contractsIntercalated discs-gap junctions composed of desmosomes |
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Features of skeletal muscle tissue |
Long, non-branching cylindrical cellsMultiple nuclei per cellVoluntarily controlledAttached to bonesStriatedLocomotion of the body as a wholeNo gap junctions |
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Z discs |
In skeletal muscle tissue, proteins that delineate both ends of a sarcomere |
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Sarcomere |
Myofilaments within myofibrils are arranged in repeating cylindrical units called sarcomere. They are overlapping thick and thin filaments delineated at both ends by Z discs. |
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I bands |
Region of sarcomere containing only thin filaments bisected by Z discs disappear at maximum muscle contraction I -- lIght --thIn |
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A band |
central region of a sarcomere contains entire thick filament A -- dArk--thick |
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Actin Filament |
thin filaments composed of the protein, actin where the myosin head attaches during contraction (myosin binding site) |
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Myosin Filament |
Thick filaments composed of the protein myosin binding site for actin each protein contains 2 strands, each strand w/ a head and tail head has binding site for actin |
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Tropomyosin |
protein that covers the actin strands blocks the myosin binding site in actin filament when muscle is relaxed |
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Troponin |
protein attached to Tropomyosin binding site for Ca2+ - once Ca2+ binds, the muscle contracts when Ca2+ is in binding site, it removes tropomyosin |
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Sarcolemma |
plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber contains T-tubules |
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Sarcoplasma |
cytoplasm of muscle fibers contains typical cellular structures |
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Terminal Cisternae |
Sacs within the sarcoplasmic reticulum, adjacent to each T-tubule serve as reservoirs for Calcium |
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Structural organization of skeletal muscle |
Epimysuim - perimysium - endomysium Fasicle - muscle fiber - myofibril - myofilament |
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Synaptic knob |
within neuromuscular junctions expanded tip of the axon houses synaptic vesicles, filled w/ acetylcholine (ACh - neurotransmitter) has Ca2+ pumps and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels |
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Motor End Plate |
within neuromuscular junctions has vast numbers of ACh receptors allow Na+ entry and K+ exit = depolarization |
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Synaptic Cleft |
Narrow, fluid-filled space separates synaptic knob and motor end plate Acetylcholinesterase resides here (enzyme that breaks down ACh molecules after their release into synaptic cleft) |
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Steps of muscle contraction |
1. Ca entry at synaptic knob 2. Release of ACh from synaptic knob 3. Binding of ACh at motor end plate 4. Development of an end-plate potential at the motor end plate 5. Initiation and propagation of action potential along the sarcolemma and T-tubules 6. Release of Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Steps of muscle relaxation |
-termination of action potential in motor neuron - prevents further release of ACh - closure of ACh receptor - closure of voltage gated Ca channels in SR - already released Ca returned to terminal cisternae by Ca pumps and stored - return of troponin to original shape - tropomyosin now moving over myosin binding sites on actin |
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Depolarization |
when inside of sarcolemma becomes relatively positive (less negative) due to influx of Na+ from voltage-gated channels (ACh receptors are opened when ACh binds to them, these protein channels allow Na+ entry and K+ exit) |
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Repolarization |
occurs due to closure of Na+ voltage-gated channels and opening of K+ voltage-gated channels on the sarcolemma |
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Tendon |
composed of dense regular CT connects muscles to bones when a muscle contracts, the tendon from that muscles moves the bone to which it is attached, thus creating movement at the joint tendons of muscles that run across the joints help stabilize those joints |
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Ligament |
dense regular CT connects bone to bone helps stabilize and reinforce the joint |
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Synarthroses |
S=Stop immovable joints ex. Gomphoses joints (fibrous) - teeth ex. Suture joints (of the skull) ex. Synchondroses (cartilaginous) |
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Amphiarthroses |
A=a little bit slightly movable joints ex. Symphysis joints (cartilaginous) - pubic symphysis and intravertebral discs ex. Syndesmoses joints (interosseous membrane) |
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Diarthroses |
D=Dance freely moveable joints all synovial joints - knee, elbow, etc |
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Syndesmoses |
type of Fibrous Joint long bands of dense regular CT Amphiarthorses Interosseous membrane b/w radius/ulna & tibia/flibula |
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Symphysis |
type of Cartilaginous joint fibrocartilage, amphiarthroses Intravertebral discs and pubic symphysis |
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Gomphosis |
type of Fibrous joint short bands of dense regular CT Synarthrosis periodontal ligaments bound teeth to alveolar process of the mandible |
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Suture |
type of Fibrous joint short bands of dense regular CT synarthrosis interlocking irregular edges allows skull to grow as child then fuse as adult |
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Synchondroses |
type of Cartilaginous joint synarthroses hyaline cartilage epiphyseal plates of long bones in children costochondral joints in ribs (costal cartilage) |
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Synovial Joints |
most common joints in the body all are diarthroses includes: joint capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, nerves and boold vessels, and articular discs |
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Condylar Joints |
oval surface of one bone fits into depression in another bone ex. metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) radiocarpal joint |
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Ball & Socket Joint |
multiaxial - bone moves in multiple planes/axes most freely moveable type ex. glenohumeroid joint coxal -hip |
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Hinge Joint |
flexion/extension ex. elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints (finger) |
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Articular cartilage |
in the knee, covers part of the bone in the joint cavity hyaline cartilage padding/cushion reduces friction and prevents damage to ends of bones |
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Protraction Retraction Oppostition |
Protraction - anterior movement - hug yourself Retraction - reverse of protraction Oppostition - movement of thumb at carpometacarpal joint to touch the tip of any other four fingers |
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Abduction Adduction |
Abduction - away from the midline Adduction - toward the midline |
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Elevation Depression |
Elevation - superior movement Depression - inferior movement (mandible & scapula) |
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Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion |
Dorsiflexion - superior surface of foot is brought toward the leg Plantar flexion - toes point inferiorly |
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Flexion Extension |
Flexion - brings articulating bones closer together Extension - moves articulating bones apart |
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Pronation Supination |
Pronation - medial rotation of forearm so palm of hand is posterior Supination - lateral rotation of forearm so palm of hand is anterior (holding a bowl of "Soup") |
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Inversion Eversion |
Inversion - sole of the foot turns medially Eversion - sole of foot turns laterally |
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Hamstring Muscles |
Biceps Femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus |
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Rotator Cuff Muscles |
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres Minor |
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Muscles used for respiration |
Diaphram External Intercostals Internal Intercostals |
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Epimysium |
in skeletal muscles - dense irregular CT surrounding the entire muscle |
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Perimysium |
in skeletal muscles - fibrous connective tissue surrounding fascicles(groups of muscle fibers) |
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Endomysium |
in skeletal muscles - fine areolar conn. tissue surrounding each muscle fiber |
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Patellar ligament |
connects patella to the tibial tuberosity of tibia |
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ACL PCL |
ACL - Anterior Cruciate Ligament passes through intercondylar fossa when knee is tight, prevents hyperexetnsion of knee joint PCL - Posterior Cruciate Ligament when knee is flexed, prevents hyper flexion of knee joint |
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Fibular Collateral Ligament Tibial Collateral Ligament |
Fibular Collateral Ligament - lateral, prevents hyper-adduction of knee joint Tibial Collateral Ligament - medial, prevents hyper abduction of knee joint |
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Agonist Antagonist Synergist |
Agonist - prime mover (triceps brachii agonist extending forearm) Antagonist - actions opposite the agonist (biceps brachia is an antagonist for triceps brachii) Synergist - muscle that helps the agonist (biceps brachii and brachial is work synergistically) |
