Antropology Oral Exam *k Edt

Front 1

What is the health concept of the World Health Organization (WHO)?

Back 1

WHO:
Health is physical, mental, and social well-being"-

Front 2

What does the universal and ecological concept of health refer to?

Back 2

Health is a kind of dynamic equilibrium state including physical, biological, personal, and social functionality.

Front 3

How can we classify the adaptation processes based on their mechanisms?

Back 3

biological adaptation -> genetic, physioloical (slow)

cultural adaptation -> fast

behavioural adaptation -> fast

Front 4

How can we classify the adaptation processes based on their time constrain (i.e. duration)?

Back 4

-Genetic adaptation

-Functional adaptation

• Physiological

• Behavioral

• Cultural

Front 5

How do we define acclimatization?

Back 5

Functional adaptation= Acclimatization

Acclimatization: It is a process when an individualorganism adjusting to environmental changes.

*Developmental acclimatization: Acclimatization changes during theindividual development.

ex:

Front 6

What does the cultural adaptation refer to?

Back 6

Cultural adaptation:
Fast

It refers to certain culture traits of social institutions which function is to increase the chances of survival for a society or an individual in a particular ecological context. (malaria in sardinia--> live @ high altitude, summer vacation to malaria free places)

Front 7

The figure shows the annual prevalence rate of malaria (X axis: Months, Y axis: Cases of malaria reported). How would you characterize this prevalence rate? Is there any consequence of such type of annual prevalence rates?

Back 7

Its a seasonal cycle.
Because of the seasonal cycle, induviduals CANNOT get immunity against malaria. Immunity is possible only in constant exposure to disease. Thus, cultural adaptation is the most important defence mechanism against malaria.

Front 8

Which is the best population to investigate the adaptation difficulties to an urban environment?

Back 8

Immigrants (acculturation, change, etc)

Front 9

How do we define the process of acculturation?

Back 9

Acculturation:
”A process that entails contact between two cultural groups, which results in numerous cultural changes in both parties

Front 10

Which are the main stages of the process of cultural shock?

Back 10

Cultural shock

 Wondering

 Crisis

 Recovering, reintegration

 Adaptation, autonomy, independency

Front 11

Which are the main stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Back 11

General AdaptationSyndrome:

• Alarm reaction

• Stage of resistance

• Stage of exhaustion

Front 12

Where (in which context) can we expect the strongest influence of socio-cultural factors on pain?

Back 12

In the communication of pain, e.g:
How a patient will share his/her pain experience with a medical doctor. (= voluentary rxn)

Front 13

What does the term of “phasic pain” refer to?

Back 13

Phasic -> immediately after injury. Sharp and short pain

Immediately uponsuffering an injury.Briefly and rapidly risesand falls in intensity.(„frightful” and „cruel”

Front 14

What does the term of “tonic pain” refer to?

Back 14

Tonic -.> after injury. Long and steady pain

Experience after theinjury has occurred.It’s often long andsteady.(„cramping” and„stinging”)

Front 15

Which are the ‘microcontextual’ and the ‘macrocontextual’ elements of the total drug effect?

Back 15

Microtextual:

Pharmacological effect, physical characteristic of the drug character of the prescriber, and character of the receiver.

Macrotextual:

Sociocultural environment (doctor patient relationship)

Front 16

How do we define placebo and nocebo effects?

Back 16

Placebo:

Refers to the process by which positiveexpectations result in positive effect

Nocebo: Refers to the process by which negativeexpectations result in negative effect.

Front 17

Is placebo effect associated with pharmacologically ineffective drugs only?

Back 17

NO

Front 18

What is the formula for the calculation of the crude mortality rate?

Back 18

Crude mortality rate: m = (d/r) 1000

r: the number of individuals exposed to risk of dying

d: the number of deaths during a year

Front 19

How does the human mortality rate change as a function of individuals’ age?

Back 19

1. Mortality is relatively high in the few days after birth

2. Mortality declines rapidly reaching a low

3. A hump in the mortality distribution during early adulthood. (20ish)

4. An increasing rate of mortality until 70 or 80 years of age

5. A slowing of the rate of increase in mortality among the very oldest individuals.

Front 20

Which are the main stages of the concepts of death in childhood?

Back 20

Preliminaryperiod:

Processes contribute to the development of the concept of death.+The presence and absence of parents+Sleep –wake cycle (consciousness -unconsciousness)

Animistic:

It encompasses the belief that there is no difference between sleep and death.˃Death is not a permanent state.

Personification:

Regular belief of 5-10years old children.»Death is highly personalized

Realistic:
Children identify death as the terminal ceasing of life functions. »

The parental influences get stronger in forming children’s concept about death.

Front 21

What is the description of the animistic concept of death?

Back 21

Animistic:

It encompasses the belief that there is no difference between sleep and death.˃Death is nota permanent state.

Front 22

What is the description of the personification concept of death?

Back 22

Personification:

Regular belief of 5-10years old children.»

Death is highly personalized

» Children identify death as the terminal ceasingof life functions.

» The parental influences get stronger in formingchildren’s concept about death.

Front 23

What does the term of secular trend refer to?

Back 23

Changes that takes place over time.. long time!

(years)
(lenght, gene flow, healthier ++)

A longterm trend that develops or progresses over many years. The tendency for girls to begin menstruating at younger and younger ages during the twentieth century is an example.