Antiseptics And Disinfectants

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antiseptics

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- a germicide applied to living tissue

- are agents used externally on man and animals to kill or prevent multiplication of ineffective agents and therefore, they are bactericidal or bacteriostatics

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disinfectant

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- a germicide applied to inanimate objects

- Actually disinfectants are agents which are too toxic to apply to the body but useful in destroying pathogens

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Classification

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- Detergents
- Oxidizing agents
- Acids and alkalies
- Reducing agents
- Metallic compounds
- Alcohol
- Phenol and cresols
- Dyes
- Miscellaneous

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Detergents

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Detergents are emulsifying and cleansing surface acting agents (surfactants) used to remove dirt and contaminated organisms by solubilization and physical means.

There are 2 main detergents:
- Ionic
- non-ionic

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Oxidizing agents

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

- Antiseptic and deodorant action
Mechanical cleansing action resulting from the rapid release of Oxygen. It has bactericidal, and fungicidal activity and effective against bacterial spores. They are used in purulent pocketing wounds. Not suitable for routine wound treatment because 3% may damage to tissue including fibroblasts.

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Potassium permanganate (PPM)

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- Antiseptic and deodorant action

Mode of action is destruction of toxic substances by oxidation.

Solution of 1:1000 (0.1%) used as wound and mouth lotions

Antidote (1:5000) for animals swallowed morphine, strychnine and aconite.

Antidotal effect against snakebite

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Halogens (chlorine and Iodine)

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Iodine: Weak solution of iodine- common tincture iodine contains 2.5% iodine in an alcoholic solution of an equal amount of potassium iodine. Tincture iodine- skin sterilization prior to surgery

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Iodine

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Aqueous solution of iodine (Lugol’s iodine solution) mainly for intra-uterine vaginal irrigation(0.2%)

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Iodophors

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Iodine with non-ionic surface acting agents for surface antisepsis and disinfection.

Antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activity and recommended for FMD, foot-rot and ringworm in cattle and also treatment of wounds and for preoperative skin preparations.
For mastitis: Udder washing before milking, and teat-dipping after milking.
Cleansing and disinfection of cages, surgical equipments and theatres

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chlorine disinfectants

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Hypochlorites are the most widely used.

The most common chlorine products in are aqueous solutions of 4 to 6% sodium hypochlorite, which are readily available as “household bleach”.

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Reducing agents

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Sulphur dioxide
-Fumigant disinfectants for animal houses

Formaldehyde solution
-Containing 40% formaldehyde gas

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Metallic compounds

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mercury, silver and copper

-antiseptic and disinfectants

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Silver nitrate

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Solution, 0.5%

Silver nitrate is a powerful anti-infective agent that is used as an astringent and as a caustic and an antiseptic agent. It is poorly absorbed, even when applied to the mucous membranes

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Copper sulphate

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Copper sulfate is used as a fungicide not only in agriculture, but also as an antiseptic and germicide against fungal infections in humans. Helps in preventing athlete's foot in tropical countries.
It is used to keep algal blooms away, especially from the swimming pools and water reservoirs

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Acids and alkalies

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Boric acid: weak acid-used as antiseptic for irrigating the conjunctival sac.

limited antibacterial activity.
Sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and quick lime (calcium oxide) alkali disinfectants
4% sol of sodium carbonate (washing soda) –used as disinfectants during FMD outbreaks

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Alcohol

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Ethyl alcohol (70%)
Isopropyl alcohol (50%)

Less volatile than ethyl alcohol
Mostly used to disinfect the skin of a patient for needle puncture

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Phenol and cresol

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Carbolic acid: is caustic, antiseptic, disinfectant and parasiticidal.
No longer used as antiseptic due to severe toxicity but still used as disinfectant

Qualitrol is a triple phenolic disinfectant

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Phenol

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commonly found in mouthwashes, scrub soaps and surface disinfectants, in household disinfectants (e.g. Lysol, Pine Sol).

-effective against bacteria and enveloped viruses. They are not effective against nonenveloped viruses and spores.
This class of compounds is used for decontamination of the hospital environment, including laboratory surfaces, and noncritical medical items

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Dye compounds

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Azo-dyes: used for stimulating epithelial growth in clean, dry but static, wounds and ulceration
Rosaniline dyes: Crystal violet
Acridine dye: acriflavine
Fluorescein dye: restricted application
Phenolphthalein dye: kidney filtration test
Miscellaneous dyes: methylene blue
Acriflavine as slow acting bacteriostat against gram positive organisms-0.1% sol or jelly as burn treatment

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Teat antisepsis

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Chlorhexidine/glycerine (0.35%)

A 0.5% iodophore-containing gel – reduce mastitis

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weight/volume scale

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1g/100ml = 1%

1g/1000ml = 0.1%

1g/5000ml = 0.5%

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Emulsify

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To emulsify means to bind two things together that don't naturally bind, like oil and vinegar

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Convert

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