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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cohen's Adaptive Strategies
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-systems of economic production
-foraging, horticulture, agriculture, patoralism, industrialism |
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Foraging
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-small groups
-econominc role based on age and gender -economy: generalized reciprocity -coexist w/ pastoralists, but not with agriculturalists -ex. Mbuti/Bila (work well together) |
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Horticulture
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-manual labor, simple technologies
-extensive us of resources -gardens/terraces -slash & burn agriculture -balanced reciprocity/redistribution -coexist w/ forages/pastoralists, but not with agriculturalists -ex. Lozi |
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Agriculture
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-human, animal, mechanical labor
-resource use -build up surplus -balanced reciprocity/redistribution |
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Pastoralism
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-specialize in domesticated animals
-have encounteres w/ sedentary populations -balanced reciprocity -ex. Nomadism, Maasi |
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Slash and Burn Techniques
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-occurs in forested areas
-clearing and burninig of vegetation -forest regeneration |
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Nomadism vs. Transhumance
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Nomadism: move their herds between different pastures
Transhumance:seasonal moving, but only the herds move, to higher grounds in the summer and lower grounds in the winter |
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Generalized Reciprocity
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You give without expecting anything in return
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Balanced Reciprocity
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You give and expect something in return
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Negative Reciprocity
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You give and expect to be repaid immediately (barter)
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Ecological Anthropology
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-relationships between culture and environment over time
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Potlatch
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-a festival held by a family which includes a big feast
-the main purpose is the redistribution of wealth |
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Mode of Production
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-the way that labor is socially organized and controlled
-the way of producing |
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Means of Production
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the things used to create products
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Absolute Poverty
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-a fixed threshold
-ex. extreme poverty line |
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Relative Poverty
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-a relative threshold
-ex. poverty compared to neighbors (you're poor compared to your neighbors) |
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Affluence
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-having more than enough to meet consumption needs
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The Original Affluent Society
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-theory that foragers were the original affluent society
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Mbuti and Bila
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Mbuti: forest foragers, trade meat or labor
Bila: agriculturalists, trade bananas, beer, tobacco -work together and exchange trade and religion |
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Bands
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-kin based groups
-no formalized leaders -mobile, low population density -correlated w/ foraging -lack formal law (no ownership of territory/animals) -not isolated -leveling mechanisms for conflict (gossip) -ex. Kume |
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Tribe
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-correlated w/ horticulture & pastoralists
-leadership is achieved status -semi-sedentary, higher population density -organized by descent groups -ex. Yanomamo |
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Chiefdoms
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-chiefs are an inherited title (royal clans)
-political regulation -correctaed w/ horticulture, agriculture, & pastoralists |
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Big Man
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-highly influential man in a tribe, but there is no formal authority
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Caste System
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the assignment of individuals to places in a social hierarchy
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Pantribal Sodalities
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-nonkin groups that extend across an entire tribe
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Stratification
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division withing societies based on wealth and power
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Kinship
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relationship between any entities that share an origin through biological, cultural, or historical descent
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Clan
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people united by a common ancestor
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Leveling Mechanisms
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-gossip
-open kinship |
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Spirit Cults
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jdiofpa
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Purposes of Marriage
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-transforms status of participants
-stipulates sexual access between partners -having and caring for children |
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Patriarchy
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-the man has the primary authority
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Fission vs. Fusion
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Fission: The process where a nation-state divides and becomes multiple states
Fusion: combining 2 or more distinct things |
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Age-Set System
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A social group consisting of people of similar age, have a common identity, and together pass through a series of age related statuses
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Endogamy
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-marrying inside your social group
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Exogamy
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marrying outside your clan
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Types of Marriage
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-male & female
-living & dead |
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Faternal Polyandry
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-two or more brothers share one wife
-helps to prevent division of family land |
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Ghost Marriage
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-can marry dead people
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Bridewealth (dowry)
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-shows respect to bride's family
-compensates bride's descent groups for loss of economic services -validates grooms right to the offspring -social fund |
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Comoros (Gran Mariage)
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-have a public feast
-the wealthier the bigger/longer -a gateway to becoming a leader |
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Patrilocal
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-live with husband's family
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Matrilocal
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-live with the wife's family
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Neolocal
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live somewhere new
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Tiwanaku
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-raised fields in bolivia
-brings about benefits of microclimates and organic fertilizer |
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Archaelological Scales
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-Regional (large)
-site level (medium) -individual (small) |
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Norse
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-when they arrived the climate was warm and product demand was high
-detruction of native vegetation, soil erosion, cutting of turf |
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Causes
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proximate "the final blow": the immediate forces responsible for change
ultimat "the real reason" : ther forces that context or define response paramerters (the real reason) |
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Broad-Spectrum Revolution
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Period in the Middle East where a wider range of plant and animal life was hunted, gathered, collected, caught and fished
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Neolithic Revolution
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the origin and impact of food production, plant cultivation and animal domestication
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Maize, Teosinte, and Manioc
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Maize: corn
Teosinte: wild grain that led to production of corn Manioc: a woody crop grown for its edible roots |
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Foraging vs. Agriculture
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Nutrition: (agr) low quality, high quantity; (for) high quality, low quantity
Diet: (agr) low; (for) high Work Load: (agr) 30-70 hrs a week; (for) 12-40 hrs a week |
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Consequences of Agriculture
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-disease from animals
-formation of social classes -workload brings about arthritis -family size is larger which brings about a larger volume of food -population density increases -new technology and inventions -urban environments |
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Wild vs Domesticated
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-larger animals became smaller making them easier to control
-plants became bigger for more production -plants had to rely on humans for reproduction |
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African Cattle Complex
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dipod
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Iceman
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-the oldest mummy
-found in Europe |
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Irrigation
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artifical application of water to soil
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Formation of the State
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-administrative control
-institutionalized law and government -evidence: momuments, grave goods, artifacts |
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hypotheses for rise of states
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voluntaristic: see need for control
hydraulic: irrigation needs state societies to survive and compete with coercieve: need to protect yourself from other societies |
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"Worst Mistakes" of Agriculture
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-population increases
-disease -believes ills today were brought about through agriculture |
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Natufians
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-hunters & gathers
-sedentary -circular homes -possibly the first builders of a Neolithic settlement |
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Applied Anthropology
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application of method and theory in anthropology
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Medical Anthropology
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explore how health and illness are culturally constructed
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Disease vs. Illness
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Disease: impairment in health and well-being
Illness: something that is unwanted |
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White Man's Burden
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the idea that we need to help people progress in society
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Colonial Taxation
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taxed citizens to get them to work in the colonies
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Breakfast and Dessert Economies
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-Only produced foods that were for breakfast or desserts
-the food that was least used |
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Globals, Locals, Mobiles
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Globals: people who have the opportunity to travel the world
Locals: those who never leave home area Mobiles: people from perifieral places who move into core area |
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Multivocality & Multilocality
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the idea that you can have large amounts of people at the same place & time and leave with different ideas of what happened
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Border Patrol Strategic Plan
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focused on easy areas for migrants to cross
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