Anthropology Test 3

Front 1

When do we become most aware of our culture?

Back 1

When we are mature enough. Culture is both acquired and learned.

Front 2

What are defining features of cultures?

Back 2

Behavior, beliefs, and everyday activities that makes it definitive, and gives it structure and balance.

Front 3

What can hinder our understanding of other cultures?

Back 3

Ethnocentrism

Front 4

How can we characterize the relationship between individual variation in behavior and culture?

Back 4

Participant observation, interviewing, and observations

Front 5

What is the differences between the "strong" and "weak" versions of cultural relativism?

Back 5

Customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities.

Front 6

How do anthropologists distinguish between individual variation and what is culturally shared?

Back 6

Participant-observation

Front 7

What is ideal vs. real culture?

Back 7

Ideal culture consists of what people say athey do or should do, whereas real culture refers to their actual behaviors.

Front 8

How does culture constrain our behavior?

Back 8

We do not always feel the constrains of our culture because we generally conform to the types of conduct and though it requires. There are 2 types of cultural constraints which are direct and indirect. For example, wearing shorts to a wedding is indirect, and wearing nothing to a wedding would be direct.

Front 9

What are 2 basic ways we can find cultural patterns?

Back 9

Direct observation and by interviews

Front 10

What does it mean to say that culture is generally adaptive, mostly integrated and changing/dynamic?

Back 10

Elements or traits that make up that culture are not just a random assortment of customs but are mostly adjusted to or consistent with one another.

What may be adaptive in one environment may not be adaptive in another.

Front 11

How and why do cultures change?

Back 11

Change can occur if people try to invent better ways of doing things.

Front 12

How else can we communicate?

Back 12

Symbolic communication
Open systems

Front 13

How old is the human language?

Back 13

over 100,000 years old

Front 14

How many mutually unintelligible languages have been identified and how many are still spoken?

Back 14

There are about 4,000-5,000 languages. More than 2,000 of them are still spoken.

Front 15

What is the Pidgen language?

Back 15

Simplified languages that lack many of the building blocks found in more formal languages

Front 16

What is the Creole language?

Back 16

Will incorporate much of the dominant language's vocabulary, but has different rules for grammar than the donor languages. May resemble early human language.

Front 17

What are the language abilities of a 6 month old?

Back 17

Can distinguish 600 consonants and 200 vowels

Front 18

What are the language abilities of a 12 month old?

Back 18

Begin to focus only on those made by parents

Front 19

What are the language abilities of a 18 month old?

Back 19

Two -word sentences; not in random order, little or no direct teaching

Front 20

What is the Sapir Whorf hypothesis and what evidence do we have for it?

Back 20

Language affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive the reality.

Evidence:
Gender identity in English vs. Finnish vs. Hebrew
Number of items in English vs. Yucatec Mayan

Front 21

What is the ethnography of speaking?

Back 21

The way we study languages in anthropology is very similar to ethnography.

Cultural and subcultural patterns of language use in different social contexts.

Front 22

What is an economic system for anthropologists?

Back 22

An organized arrangement for producing, distributing and consuming goods.

Front 23

What are the different ways of getting food?

Back 23

Foraging and horticulture

Front 24

Foraging:

Back 24

Obtaining wild food resources through hunting, gathering, scavenging, and fishing.

Front 25

Horticulture:

Back 25

The growing of crops of all kinds with relatively simple tools and methods.

Front 26

What kinds of areas are typically occupied by foragers now?

Back 26

Small, nomadic communities

Front 27

Why are intensive agriculture societies more likely to face food shortages?

Back 27

Food production for the market consumption

Front 28

Why might food production have spread and intensified?

Back 28

1. Population growth in regions of bountiful wild resources
2. Global population growth forced people to utilize a broader spectrum of wild resources.
3. Climate change

Front 29

What are the different types of economic production?

Back 29

Forced and required labor, division of labor by gender and age

Front 30

What is commercialization?

Back 30

Worldwide trend for intensive agriculturalists to produce more and more for a market which may occur in any area of life and which involves increasing dependence on buying and selling, usually with money as the medium of exchange.

Front 31

What distinguishes social stratification vs. egalitarian societies?

Back 31

Social stratification
-is that they contain social groups such as families, classes, or ethnic groups that have unequal access to important advantages.

Egalitarian societies
-exist where social groups have more or less the same access to rights or advantages.

Front 32

When did substantial inequality begin?

Back 32

In the last 10,000 years

Front 33

What 3 advantages are unequally distributed in societies?

Back 33

1. wealth or economic resources
2. power
3. prestige