Anthropology Test 2

Front 1

three dimensions of social stratification

Back 1

wealth: material assets= economic status

power: ability to impose one's will over others= political status

prestige: esteem, respect, approval= social status

Front 2

three functions of distribution

Back 2

reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange

Front 3

achieved status

Back 3

social status that comes through talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments, rather than ascription

Front 4

ascribed status

Back 4

social status that people have little or no choice about occupying (race or gender)

Front 5

caste

Back 5

closed, hereditary system of stratification, often dictated by religion; hierarchical social status is ascribed at birth, so that people are locked into their parents social position

Front 6

world system theory

Back 6

argument for the historic and contemporary social, political, and economic significance of an identifiable global system, based on wealth and power differentials, that extends beyond individual countries.

Front 7

neoliberalism

Back 7

revival of Adam Smith's classic economic liberalism, the idea that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule; a currently dominant intervention philosophy

Front 8

capitalism

Back 8

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Front 9

socialism

Back 9

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Front 10

communism

Back 10

spelled with a capital C, a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and to establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991.

Front 11

hegemony

Back 11

the internalization of a dominant ideology

Front 12

clan

Back 12

unilineal descent group based on stipulated descent

Front 13

lineage

Back 13

unilinneal descent group based on demonstrated descent

Front 14

incest

Back 14

sexual relations with a close relative

Front 15

polygamy

Back 15

marriage with three or more spouses, at the same time.

Front 16

polygyny

Back 16

variety of plural marriage in which a man has more than one wife

Front 17

polyandry

Back 17

variety of plural marriage in which a woman has more than one husband.

Front 18

endogamy

Back 18

marriage between people of the same social group

Front 19

exogamy

Back 19

mating or marriage outside one's kin group; a cultural universal.

Front 20

patrilocality

Back 20

customary residence with the husband's relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their father's community.

Front 21

matrilocality

Back 21

customary residence with wife;s relatives after marriage, so that children grow up in their mother's community.

Front 22

neolocality

Back 22

postmarital residence pattern in which a couple establishes a new place of residence rather than living with or near either set of parents.

Front 23

gender role

Back 23

the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to each sex.

Front 24

race

Back 24

an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis.

Front 25

racism

Back 25

discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis.

Front 26

ethnicity

Back 26

identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group, and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation.

Front 27

hypodescent

Back 27

a rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group.

Front 28

genocide

Back 28

policies aimed at, and/or resulting in, the physical extinction (through mass murder) of a people perceived as a racial group, that is, as sharing defining physical, genetic, or other biological characteristics.

Front 29

assimilation

Back 29

the process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a separate cultural unit.

Front 30

multiculturalism

Back 30

the view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable; a multicultural society socializes individuals not only into the dominant culture, but also into an ethnic culture.

Front 31

class

Back 31

open, achieved status

Front 32

sex

Back 32

either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and many other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions.

Front 33

gender

Back 33

the state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones

Front 34

heteronormativity

Back 34

denoting or relating to a world view that promotes heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual orientation.

Front 35

ethnic cleansing

Back 35

the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.

Front 36

3 economic processes

Back 36

production, distribution and consumption.

Front 37

functions of distribution

Back 37

1. satisfaction of physical needs

2. status enhancement

3. alliance formation

Front 38

3 types of reciprocity

Back 38

1. generalized (sharing)

2. balanced (equal-value trade)

3. negative (barter)

Front 39

characteristics of a state

Back 39

many thousands to several million people, economic classes, centralized authority , with army or police to enforce order, status depends on recognition as a state by other states.

Front 40

n/a

Back 40

n/a