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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adaptation |
The interaction process between changes an organism makes in it's environment and changes the environment makes on the organism |
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Anthropogenesis |
Changes in the environment which are the result of human activities are the result of anthropogenesis |
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Convergent Evolution |
Occurs when two groups with different cultural backgrounds independently come up with the same solution to a similar environmental problem |
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Parallel Evolution |
Happens when two cultures with similar backgrounds come up with similar solutions |
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Subsistence Patterns |
Methods of obtaining food using available land resources, available labour and energy, and technology. |
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Food Foraging |
Oldest and most universal means of subsistence. 90% of all people who have lived used this lifestyle to survive |
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Carrying Capacity |
The number of people who could be sustained by the resources an environment in which they live |
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Density of Social Relations |
How often people interact and how intense it is. How much potential conflict in the group is also important. |
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Social Considerations |
Number of children can be important. Fewer children mean they may ask people to join the group. To many is vice versa. |
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Three Crucial Elements in Social Organization Developed in Foraging Cultures? |
1) sexual division of labour 2) food sharing 3) camp is center of activity |
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Sexual Division of Labour |
Hunting/butchering of large game, processing hard raw materials are almost always (but not) mascaline occupations. Women tend to gather and process vegetable foods and do domestic chores. |
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Women's work |
Can be just as demanding as men's. Allows for women to care for children as well. Tends to be done at a slower a pace an is less dangerous. 60-70% of foragers diets are gathered by women. |
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Food Sharing |
Not typical among non human primates. May have taken place as men and women would supply different food stuffs. |
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Cultural Adaptations and Material Technology |
Mobility of any foraging group depends on the availability of water. Hunting style may dictate size. Group size will fluctuate with seasons. |
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Egalitarianism |
There is little difference in status among forager groups, partially due to the fact that they cannot carry large numbers of possessions and what they do have tends to be necessary for survival. |
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Status |
Age and sex are the only differences in regards to status. Each sex has its own exclusive rituals that the other is forbidden to be a part of. Women are not controlled by men. The elderly play an important role in child care an acting as living libraries. |
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Farming and Animal Husbandry |
First appears between 9000 and 11000 BP. No clear explanation of why the change to food production occurred - was probably not planned. |
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Agriculture |
A subsistence strategy focusing on intensive farming, investing a great deal of time, energy and technology. |
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Cons of Farming |
Requires more work, promotes larger groups of people can lead to spread of disease and competition for land. Farmers have to stay close to their gardens and so become tied to one place. |
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Pro of Farming |
Does even out seasonal fluctuations In wild resources. |
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Social Changes |
Social organization is changed - a few are able to produce food for all. Others could spend time as craftsmen. |
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Horticulture |
Cultivation of domestic plants with simple hand tools. Does not use irrigation. A subsistence strategy that focuses on small scale farming using simple technology. |
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Slash and Burn Cultivation |
A farming technique for preparing new fields by cutting down trees and bushes and then burning them in order to clear the land and enrich soil with nutrients. |
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Horticulture cycle |
1) Clear land (slash and burn technique) 2) Planting (seeds with sticks in the soil by hand) 3) Weeding (rarely needed due to intercropping) 4) Harvesting (can be labour intensive) 5) Fallowing (land left unused so soil can recover) |
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Labour Division |
Men's and women's labour vary. Clearing is done by men, but both men and women help planting, tending, and harvesting crops. |
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Social Status |
The status of men depends on how much labour they do. Control of distribution determines status. |
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Economics and ownership |
Horticulturist can produce small surpluses which can allow for differences in economic status to emerge. |
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Environmental Considerations |
Horticulture is a sustainable system IF the land is allowed to recover. Over use of land results in soil deprivation, falling yields, and erosion. |
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Pastoralism |
A subsistence strategy focusing on raising and caring for large Herds of domestic animals coupled with nomadism. Movement is considered normal. |
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Intensive Agriculture |
Farming communities grew into cities. Craft specialists become more common. Urbanization brings changes in social organization. Inequality and rank/stratified society appear. |
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Intensive Agriculture Characteristics |
Use of fertilizers, irrigation, plows harnessed to animals. Tends to surplus food on large areas of land which are cultivated repeatedly. |
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The Aztecs |
Highly sophisticated urban society. Their capital city was 5 times larger than London in 1519. Maize was primary crop. |
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Agricultural success |
A few could feed many, craftsman were common, religion was central to aztec social order, many specialists manufactured goods for ritual use, market places became important for economic exchanges. |
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Increasing Stratification |
Aztec social order developed into classes by which the king chose. 1) Nobles: marked by gender inequality and who were assigned lands by the ruler. 2) Commoners: access to land was based on lineage. 3) Serfs: bound to the land. 4) Slaves: some had voluntarily entered bondage. Others prisoners of war or criminals. |
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Mechanized Agriculture |
Industrialized agriculture is a form of intensive agricultural which relies on complex technological and production processes. Monocropping is common. |
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Patterns in sexual division of labour |
1) flexibility and sexual integration 2) rigid segregation by sex - note that it is often inconceivable to these people to do something restricted to the opposite sex. 3) a combination of 1 and 2. Neither sex is dominant |
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Craft specialization |
In non industrial societies, each person knows and is competent in what work is appropriate to their age and sex. |
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Non Industrial Specialists |
Among foragers, someone who is very skilled at making tools may become a popular source for them because of ability and talent. |
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Technology |
A societies tools, together with the knowledge of how to make and use them. |
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Goods can be distributed in three ways |
1) reciprocity 2) redistribution 3) market exchange |
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Generalized Reciprocity |
This is an exchange where the value of what is given is not calculated nor is the payment time specified. |
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Balanced Reciprocity |
Has the time of repayment and value specified |
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Negative reciprocity |
Occurs when the giver tries to get the better end of the deal |
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Barter |
A form of of negative reciprocity whee desirable items are exchanged. |
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Redistribution Motives |
1) the desire to maintain a position of superiority through a display of wealth. 2) the need to ensure those he supports have an adequate standard of living. 3) the establishment of alliances outside the territory |
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Market Exchange |
People go to a specific place to directly exchange goods and services |
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Market Types |
They can be formal or informal and can range from purely economic to festive. |
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Two aspects of consumption |
1) food and beverages we consume and the rituals n customs surrounding that. 2) Resources exploited in every day life. |
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Culture and Consumption |
Consumption behaviour is culturally based. Food taboos may dictate what is permitted. |
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Global Economy |
Globalization=countries becoming one large system of commerce, markets open to free trade. |
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Consanguineal |
Relatives with a genetic relationship |
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Affinal |
Related by marriage |
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Nominal |
Relatives we know about but have little or no contact with - distant cousins. |
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Effective |
Kin we meet regularly at family functions like weddings or funerals |
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Intimate or Core kin |
Family members and people we see very regularly and know very well |
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Effect of society type |
In non industrial societies kinship is central to organization, members lice close to one another so they tend to have economic bonds |
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Fictive Kin |
Sometimes close friends can play an important role in the families life. Can be adopted into kinship under the label of aunts or uncles |
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Membership |
Assigned at birth and varies between cultures |
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Matrilineal descent |
Through the female line only. 15% of culture |
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Patrilineal Descent |
Through the male line only. 45% of culture |
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Bilateral Descent |
Reckoned through both parents equally. 33% of cultures. |
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Double descent |
Very rare. Less than 5% of cultures. Descent is both matrilineal and patrilineal |
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Ambilineal descent |
Also very rare. 5% of all cultures. Individual has to choose which he wants to be. |
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M.F.Z.B.D.S.H.W |
mother.father.sister.brother.daughter.son.husband.wife. Using combinations of these anthropologists can describe all kin relations in any kinship system |
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Patriarchy |
Social system in which men occupy positions of social economic and political Power from which women are excluded. |
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Lineage |
A set of relatives tracing descent from a known common ancestor |
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Exogamy |
Marriage principle in which people cannot Marry members of their own lineage or clan. |
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Endogamy |
Marriage principle in which people marry members of their own group |
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Totem |
An animal or plant believes to have been their primordial ancestor or protector |
