Anthropology Final Exam

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Gender

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Male, Female, or Third gender (intersexed)

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Primary Subsistence Activities

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Gathering, hunting, fishing, herding, and agriculture

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Secondary Subsistence Activities

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Preparation, processing, and storage of food

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Sexual Dimorphism

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A marked difference in size and appearance in males and females or a species

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Marriage

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A socially approved sexual and economic union

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Family

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Two or more people related by blood, marriage or adoption

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Household

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Basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing and shelter are organized and carried out

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Bride Price

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A substantial gift of goods or money given to the bride's kin by groom or his kin at or before the marriage

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Bride Service

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Work performed by the groom for his bride's family for a variable length of time either before or after the marriage

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Dowry

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A substantial transfer of goods or money from the bride's family to the bride

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Incest Taboo

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Prohibition of sexual intercourse or marriage between a mother and son, father and daughter, and brother and sister

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Exogamy

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The rule specifying marriage to a person from outside one's own group (kin or community)

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Endogamy

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The rule specifying marriage to a person within one's own group (kin, caste, community)

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Cross Cousins

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Father’s sisters’ children or Mother’s brothers’ children

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Parallel Cousins

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Father’s brothers’ children or Mother’s sisters’ children

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Levirate

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Man must marry brother’s widow

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Sororate

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Woman must marry deceased sister’s husband

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Polygamy

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Marriage to more than one spouse simultaneously

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Polygyny

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The marriage of one man to more than one woman at a time

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Polyandry

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The marriage of one woman to more than one man at a time

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Patrilocal

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A pattern of residence in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's parents

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Matrilocal

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A pattern of residence in which a married coupled lives with or near the wife's parents

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Neolocal

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A pattern of residence whereby a married couple lives separately, and usually at some distance, from the kin of both spouses

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Avunculocal

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A pattern of residence in which a married couple settles with or near the husband's mother's brother

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Nuclear Family

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Married couple and offspring

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Extended Family

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Aunts, Uncles, Grandparents, etc.

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Rules of Descent

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Rules that connect individuals with particular sets of kin because of known or presumed common ancestry. Patrilineal, Matrilineal, or Ambilineal

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Bilateral Kinship

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The type of kinship system in which individuals affiliate more or less equally with their mother's and father's relatives

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Kindred

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A bilateral set of close relatives

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Patrilineal

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The rule of descent that affiliates an individual with kin of both sexes related to him or her through men only

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Matrilineal

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The rule of descent that affiliates an individual with kin of both sexes related to him or her through women only

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Lineage

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A set of kin whose members trace descent from a common ancestor through known links. Matri-, Patri-, or Ambi-

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Clan

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A set of kin whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor or ancestress but cannot specify the links back to that founder; often designated by a totem. Larger grouping of multiple lineages

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Totem

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A plant or animal associated with a clan as a means of group identification; may have other special significance for the group

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Phratry

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Multiple Clans

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Moiety

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A unilineal descent group in a society that is divided into two such maximal groups; there may be smaller unilineal descent groups as well

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Age-Sets

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A social category or corporate social group, consisting of people of similar age, who have a common identity, maintain close ties over a prolonged period, and together pass through a series of age-related statuses

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Band

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Food collecting; egalitarian; reciprocity; collective decision-making; few people; uncentralized

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Tribe

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Horticulture or pastoralism; 100s of people; uncentralized; clans; age sets; associations

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Chiefdom

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Horticulture; pastoralism or agriculture; redistribution; rank; centralized

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State

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Centralized political system with the authority to make laws and enforce them

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Feud

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A state of reoccurring hostility between families or groups of kin, usually motivated by a desire to avenge an offense against a member of the group

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Nation

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A people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history

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Political Organization

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How power is distributed and embedded in a society; the means through which the society maintains social order

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Diffusion

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The borrowing of one society of a cultural trait belonging to another society as the result of contact between the two societies

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Acculturation

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Extensive borrowing in the context of dominant-subordinate relations between societies

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Revolution

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A usually violent replacement of a society's rulers.

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Ethnogenesis

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Creation of a new culture

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Religion

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Any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power

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Spirituality

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Predominantly spiritual character as shown in thought, life,etc.

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Pantheon

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All gods of a religion

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Animism

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The belief that everything in the universe contains a living soul. The belief that every object is indwelt by a spirit.

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Animatism

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The belief that everything is pervaded with a life-force giving each inanimate object a consciousness or personality, but not a soul as in animism

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Ancestor Spirits

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Supernatural beings who are ghosts of dead relatives

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Monotheistic

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Believing that there is only one high god and that all other supernatural beings are subordinate to, or are alternative manifestations of, this supreme being

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Polytheistic

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Recognizing many gods, none of whom is believed to be subordinate

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Divination

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Getting the supernatural to provide guidance

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Magic

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Belief and practice whereby people believe they can compel the supernatural to act in some particular and intended way for either good or evil

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Sorcery

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The use of materials, objects and medicines to invoke supernatural malevolence

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Witchcraft

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The use of thought and emotion alone to invoke harm

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Priest

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Generally male, full-time, high status, thought to be able to relate to superior or high gods beyond the ordinary person;s access or control

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Shaman

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Generally male; part-time; primary function is to cure people through sacred songs, pantomime, etc; sometimes called witch doctors

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Medium

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Part-time religious practitioner who is asked to heal and divine while in a trance, generally female

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Revitalization Movements

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A new religious movement intended to save a culture by infusing it with a new purpose and life

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Cargo Cults

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a type of religious practice that may appear in traditional tribal societies in the wake of interaction with technologically advanced cultures