Anthropology Exam 1

Front 1

What is anthropology?

Back 1

the study of humanity - our physical characteristics as animals, and our unique non-biological characteristics we call culture. The subject is generally broken down into three subdisciplines: biological (physical) anthropology, cultural (social) anthropology, and archaeology.

Front 2

The scientific method?

Back 2

Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Analysis
Decision

Front 3

What is a hypothesis?

Back 3

Proposed explanation for natural phenomenon.

Front 4

If agree hypothesis is _______.
If disagree hypothesis is _______.

Back 4

1. supportive
2. disproved

Front 5

Don't say prove a hypothesis, only support because...

Back 5

There may be new info in the future.

Front 6

What is a theory?

Back 6

The explanation of related observations based upon supported hypothesis and verrified multiple times.
example: Heliocentric Theory

Front 7

A theory explains ______.

Back 7

How nature works.

Front 8

Science vs. Religion

Back 8

the study of the natural world
vs.
a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power

Front 9

______ are the end point of science. They are supported by such abundant observational and experimental evidence they are no longer questioned.

Back 9

Theories

Front 10

Genetics

Back 10

the study of the hereditary material in living things.

Front 11

_______ helps us under stand evolution and variation within species, vatiation among human groups, variation within human groups.

Back 11

Genetics

Front 12

Biochemical Genetics

Back 12

studies the structure, function and changes in DNA

Front 13

DNA

Back 13

(deoxyribonucleic acid) provides the information for building, operating and repairing organisms.

Front 14

gene

Back 14

A segment of DNA with the instructions to make proteins.

Front 15

Genome

Back 15

A map of all the genes that make up a species.

Front 16

Human Genome Project

Back 16

begun in 1990 to sequence all base pairs and identify all genes, results published in 2001.

Front 17

We have a ___ % difference between chimp and human in coding segments and ____ % difference in noncoding segments.

Back 17

1, 3 = 4%

Front 18

Mendelian (chromosomal) genetics

Back 18

Studies the ways in which chromosomes transmit genes across the generations.

Front 19

Chromosome

Back 19

a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power

Front 20

Mendek's pea plant experiments.

Back 20

He relized that traits are passed to offspings as discrete units and there are alternative versions of genes.

Front 21

phenotype

Back 21

The observable traits or characteristics of an organism, for example hair color, weight, or the presence or absence of a disease. the class to which that organism belongs as determined by the description of the physical and behavioral characteristics of the organism, for example its size and shape, its metabolic activities and its pattern of movement.

Front 22

genotype

Back 22

the class to which that organism belongs as determined by the description of the actual physical material made up of DNA that was passed to the organism by its parents at the organism's conception.

Front 23

allele

Back 23

An alternative form of a gene. Usually 2 for every gene. Sometimes 3

Front 24

Mendel's Law of Segregation

Back 24

Sex cells contain one of each pair of allels

Front 25

Homozygous

Back 25

if two allels of same kind

Front 26

heterozygous

Back 26

if two allels of different kind

Front 27

dominant allele

Back 27

the one that is expressed

Front 28

recessive allele

Back 28

that is not expressed, but is still there

Front 29

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Back 29

Chromosomes from seperate pairs are inherited independently

Front 30

Population

Back 30

a group of organisms from the same species that often, but not always, chose mates from within the group.

Front 31

Gene pool

Back 31

all the genes in a population expressed as allele frequency

Front 32

evolution (fact)

Back 32

All present forms of life arose from other ancestral forms that were different

Front 33

Mutation

Back 33

a change on the DNA sequence, producing an altered gene.

Front 34

Genetic drift

Back 34

the various random processes that affect gene frequencies in small, relatively isolated populations.

Front 35

Gene flow

Back 35

the process by which genes pass from the gene pool of one population to that of another through interbreeding

Front 36

Natural selection

Back 36

The process whereby some organisms in a species have certain inherited variations that give them an advantage over others

Front 37

Natural selection proceeds through the mechanism of _______.

Back 37

differential reproduction

Front 38

Evolutionary fitness is not biggest or strongest, but...

Back 38

individuals success in possing genes to next generation.

Front 39

Example of Darwin's finches

Back 39

Medium ground finch. large beak for seeds. drought caused decrease in 1977. 11mm can crack seeds. 10.5 will not try. overall beak grew after drought.

Front 40

3 points of Darwin's finches:

Back 40

1. evolution is not uni-directional
2. variation must be present for natural selection to work.
3. praticular trait selected for dependent on enivironment slected trait can change according to environment

Front 41

population genetics

Back 41

investigates natural selection and causes of genetic cariation, stability and change in breeding populations, including the formation of new species

Front 42

species

Back 42

a population that consists of organisms able to interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring.

Front 43

Founder effect

Back 43

when a new population is formed by a few individuals whose genetic diversity is not representative of the parent population.

Front 44

geographic isolation

Back 44

when a physical barrier between parts of a species prevents any breeding between the 2 groups.

Front 45

Adaptive radiation

Back 45

the formation of many new species following the availibility of new environments

Front 46

anagenesis

Back 46

gradual evolution of one species into another

Front 47

cladogenesis

Back 47

one ancestral species becomes 2 or more descendent species

Front 48

4 modes of locomotion

Back 48

1. quadrupedialism
2. vertical clinging and leaping
3. brachiation (arm swing)
4. bipedalism

Front 49

taxonomy

Back 49

classification using nested sets of categories

Front 50

Primates is what classification system?

Back 50

Order

Front 51

biomonial nomenclature

Back 51

assignment of a unique name, in 2 parts, to every species

Front 52

Phylogeny

Back 52

Classification system is based on _______ - genetic relatedness based on common ancestry.

Front 53

Derived trait

Back 53

sometime recent

Front 54

Ancestral trait

Back 54

same as it was in ancestor

Front 55

Whenm reconstructing phylogeny, need to use ______ features.

Back 55

derived

Front 56

fossil

Back 56

organic remains of once living organisms

Front 57

How are fossils made?

Back 57

if remains are quickly buried in sediment

Front 58

Fossils are exposed to surface through...

Back 58

natural erosion or uplifting or human agency

Front 59

fossil species (hominid)

Back 59

The species here are listed roughly in order of appearance in the fossil record

Front 60

Biases of the fossil record

Back 60

need to know how to understand what fossil records can say

Front 61

Our closest living relative is the ________.

Back 61

chimp

Front 62

_______ is one of the most salient features that set us apart from the chimp.

Back 62

Bipedalism

Front 63

When did we become bipedal?

Back 63

land became cool and dry and not as much forest.

Front 64

First species to make stone tools.

Back 64

Oldowan

Front 65

anthros meaning ______.

Back 65

human

Front 66

logos meaning _______.

Back 66

study

Front 67

4 sub-fields of anthropology

Back 67

1. biological
2. cultural
3. linguistic
4. archaeology

Front 68

4 modes of locomotion

Back 68

1. quadrupedialism
2. vertical clinging and leaping
3. brachiation (arm swing)
4. bipedalism

Front 69

taxonomy

Back 69

classification using nested sets of categories

Front 70

Primates is what classification system?

Back 70

Order

Front 71

biomonial nomenclature

Back 71

assignment of a unique name, in 2 parts, to every species

Front 72

Phylogeny

Back 72

Classification system is based on _______ - genetic relatedness based on common ancestry.

Front 73

Derived trait

Back 73

sometime recent

Front 74

Ancestral trait

Back 74

same as it was in ancestor

Front 75

Whenm reconstructing phylogeny, need to use ______ features.

Back 75

derived

Front 76

fossil

Back 76

organic remains of once living organisms

Front 77

How are fossils made?

Back 77

if remains are quickly buried in sediment

Front 78

Fossils are exposed to surface through...

Back 78

natural erosion or uplifting or human agency

Front 79

fossil species (hominid)

Back 79

The species here are listed roughly in order of appearance in the fossil record

Front 80

Biases of the fossil record

Back 80

need to know how to understand what fossil records can say

Front 81

Our closest living relative is the ________.

Back 81

chimp

Front 82

_______ is one of the most salient features that set us apart from the chimp.

Back 82

Bipedalism