Anthropology Ch1-4

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4 subfields of Anthropology?

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Archaeology
Physical/Biological
Linguistic
Cultural

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Applied anthropology is?

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Use of anthropology to solve real world problem.

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Anthro Linguistics is?

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Study of language and its relation to culture.

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ethnology is?

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attempt to find general laws that apply to cultures.

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Etic is?

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Outsiders perspective.

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forensic anthropology is?

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Use of phsycial/biological anthropology to identify dead bodies

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Cultural Anthropology is?

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study of learned human behavior

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cultural relativism is?

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Analyzing culture from that culture's perspective.

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Culture is?

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Learned behaviors that allow ppl to live in groups.

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emic is?

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Insiders perspective

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Adaptation is?

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Change in lifeways of grp/indiv.To become better fitted to survive In its environment

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Boas is?

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First non-"armchair" anthropologist.

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Historical Particularism

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argues that each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past

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functionalism

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looking for general laws that identify different elements in society that has strayed from its cultural moorings.

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Cultural Evolution

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Belief that there are "levels" of cultures, (ie: Primitives/Barbarian/Civilized)

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innovation

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way of thinking that is new because it is qualitatively different from existing forms.

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culture and personality

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studying how children are raised and considering their effect on adult lives

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diffusion

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spread of cultural elements btwn cultures.

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norms enculturation

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to learn that something is normal

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subculture

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a grp w/in society that shares norms and values differently than those of dominant culture.

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symbol

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something that stands for something else (ie: flag)

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symbolic anthropology

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focuses on understanding cultures by discovering and analyzing the symbols that are most important to their members

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values

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shared ideas about what is true, right and beautiful

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consultant

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some1 from whom anthropologists gather data.

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qualitative data

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Deals with descriptions. Data can be observed but not measured.Colors, textures, smells.

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quantitative data

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Deals with numbers. Data which can be measured. Length, height, area, volume, weight.

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Malinowski

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Non-"armchair" anthropologist, was forced to live within culture he was studying.

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Culture shock

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feelings of alienation and helplessness that result from rapid immersion in a new and different culture

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participant observation

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learning more of a culture by participating in it.

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Ethnocentrism

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judging cultures based on ones own culture.

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Ethnography

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major research tool of cultural anthropology, includes both fieldwork among ppl in a society and the written results of such work

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agglutinating language

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language that allows a great # of morphemes per word and has regular rules for combining morphemes

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isolating language

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language with few morphemes per word, fairly simple rules for combining morphemes

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kinesics

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study of body position, movement, facial expressions, and gaze

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allophone

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two or more different phones that can be used to make the same phoneme in a language

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morpheme

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the smallest unit of language that has a meaning (ie: teach)

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bound morpheme

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unit of meaning that must be associated with another (ie: er)

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morphology

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a system for creating words from sounds

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call system

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form of communication among nonhuman primates composed of a limited # of sounds that are tied to specific stimuli in the environment

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phoneme

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the smallest significant unit of sound in a language

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chronemics

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study of different ways that cultures understand time and use it to communicate

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comparative linguistics

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science of documenting the relationships btwn languages and grouping them into language families.

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displacement

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capacity of human languages to describe things not happening in the present.

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conventionality

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notion that in human language words are only arbitrarily or conventionally connected to the things for which they stand

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productivity

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the idea that humans combine words and sounds into new, meaningful utterances they have never before heard.

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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

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hypothesis that perceptions and understandings of time, space, and matter are conditioned by the structures of a language

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free morpheme

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a unit of meaning that may stand alone as a word

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semantics

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the subsystem of a language that relates words to meaning

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glottochronology

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statistical technique linguists developed to estimate the date of separating of related languages

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sociolinguistics

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study of relationship btwn language and culture

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syntax

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system of rules for combining words into meaningful sentences

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universal grammar

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basic set of principles, conditions, and rules that form the foundation of all languages