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119 Cards in this Set
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Evolution (observable) |
Change in the frequency or magnitude of heritable characteristics of a population of organisms over generations |
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Evolution (theory) |
Theory that explains the change and cannot be observed |
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Evolution (traits and populations) |
Accumulation of heritable features of the mostly reproductively successful |
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Evolution (population genetics) |
Change in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next |
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Cases of observed evolution |
Galapagos Finches observed by Peter and Rosemary Grant. Finches tagged and recorded over many years during which there was a drought leaving the island with rough bigger seeds. Smaller beaked birds were unable to eat these so natural selection favored the birds with a larger beak depth. |
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Watchmaker theory |
Living things reproduce with variation therefore making Darwin's 3 possible making evolution inevitable. Watches cannot reproduce they have no variation meaning they cannot evolve. |
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Catastrophism |
Theory that evolutionary changes in history result from sudden violent and unusual events |
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Charles Lyell |
Geologist on HMS Beagle that influenced Darwin. First to believe earth was older than previously thought. Wrote principles of geology. |
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Uniformitarianism |
Theory that evolution is a result of slow incremental changes. |
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Charles Darwin |
Discovered principle of evolution by natural selection. Believed biological species change through time and new species arise by transformations of existing ones.
1. Ability of population to expand is always infinite, but ability of environment to support population is finite 2. Organisms within populations vary and this variation effects ability of individuals to survive and reproduce 3. Variation is transmitted from parents to offspring. |
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck |
Theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics: -organisms change during their lifetimes and parts they use a lot develop more -acquired characteristics are inherited and next generation starts off with a head start |
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Artificial selection |
Intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits |
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Natural selection |
Organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more offspring |
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Thomas Malthus |
Believed human populations invariably grow until they are limited by starvation, poverty, and disease |
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Alfred Russel Wallace |
British naturalist who conceived the idea of evolution through natural selection and was jointly published with Darwin. |
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Adaptation |
A feature of an organism created by the process of natural selection |
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Reproductive success |
Passing of genes onto the next generation in a way that they too can pass on those genes |
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Heritable features |
Ex: flower color varies among individuals |
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Adaptation by natural selection |
Only causes organisms to change because they are better adapted to their environment. Has individuals competing not species |
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Directional selection |
Causes evolution |
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Stabilizing evolution |
No evolution occurs |
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"Selection acts on individuals, but affects populations." |
It acts on whether or not an individual is able to mate and reproduce. It affects of the offspring carry on those heritable traits that make the population better. |
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Is evolution always for the better? |
No because if a part of your body doesn't effect reproductive success good or bad then that characteristics tends to not change. |
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Evolution (human eye) |
It depends on the types of problems each creature faces. Natural selection wasn't aiming to produce the eye it was simply favoring certain variants every generation. Each step was advantageous at the time. |
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Why don't insects develop camera type eyes? |
There is no gradual path to convert one to the other that goes through ever improving variants; the two are results of different variants that happened to be selected for early in the evolution of the eye |
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Gene flow |
Movement of genes within and between populations |
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Ecological Species concept |
Species: Group of organisms that is distinct from other species because hybrids are unsuccessful and never become common |
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Biological species concept |
Member of species are similar to each other because gene flow mixed all genes among all individuals and members of species remain different from members of other species |
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Species |
Distinguishable types of organisms: individuals of same species are similar and individuals of one species are different from individuals of another |
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Speciation |
Study of the evolution of new species |
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Anagenesis |
Evolutionary change of a population over time |
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Chronospecies |
Group of one or more species derived from similar, continual, and uniform pattern of development from an extinct ancestral form on an evolutionary scale |
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Clade (cladogenesis) |
All species that descended from a common ancestor (splitting of one species into two different species) |
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Allopatric speciation |
Occurs when an absolute physical barrier is formed between two populations of species |
Continent splits species on separate pieces can no longer interbreed |
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Parapatric speciation |
Subpopulation enters a new niche that becomes geographically isolated |
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Local optimum vs global optimum in relation to evolution |
Evolution tends to lead to local optima (adaptation with highest fitness of all the ones similar to it) but not necessarily global optima (the best of the various local optima) |
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Sympatric speciation |
Occurs when new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region |
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Adaptive radiation |
Diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches |
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Rates of evolution |
Measurement of rate of genotype change of species and organisms over a period of time |
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Gradualism |
Selection and variation that happens more gradually and is hard to notice over a short period of time |
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Why are organisms so weirdly designed? |
Each step has to improve reproductive success and each step can only be a modification of something that came before |
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Continuous variation |
Variation that has no limit on the value that can occur within a population |
Height |
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Discontinuous variation |
Individuals fall into a # of distinct classes or categories and has features that cannot be measured across a complete range |
Blood type |
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Dichotomous variation |
Variation that has two outcomes |
Gender |
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Microevolution |
Change in heritable features of a population that does not result in a new species |
Evolution within species |
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Macroevolution |
Change in heritable features of a population that creates new species |
Due to accumulation of microevolution |
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Epistemology |
Study of how you know what you know |
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Reproduction isolation |
Members of one population do not interbreed successfully with members of another population |
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Punctuated equilibrium |
Traits of a population tend to stay roughly the same for long periods of time but occasionally evolve rapidly to new stable configuration |
Evolutionary jitters (hair trigger) set off quickly |
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Blending inheritance |
Inheritance of traits from two parents produces offspring with characteristics that are intermediate between those of the parents |
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Gregor Mendel |
Discovered how inheritance works by conducting experiments with plants |
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Mendelian genetics |
Law of segregation: for any trait each parents pairing of genes split and one gene passes from each parent to an offspring Law of independent assortment: different pairs of alleles are passed onto the offspring independently of each other |
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Gene |
The basic physical and functional unit of heredity made up of DNA that act as instructions to make molecules called proteins |
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Protein folding |
The 3 dimensional shape of the protein is necessary for its correct function |
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Structural protein |
Used to build structural component of the body |
Bones cartilage |
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Motor protein |
Molecular motors that are able to move along the surface of a suitable substrate |
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Enzyme |
Proteins that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life |
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Structure of DNA |
Made up of molecules called nucleotides which contain a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogen base (adenine A, thymine T, guanine G, cytosine C) |
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Transcription |
1st step of gene expression in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into mRNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase |
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Translation |
Cellular ribosomes create proteins that are decoded by a ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain |
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Replication |
Process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule |
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Non-coding (functional) RNA |
Molecule that is not translated into a protein |
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Regulatory gene |
Gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes |
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Allele |
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome |
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Point of sexual reproduction |
Creates offspring that have a mix of alleles from each parent and creates new variants for natural selection to select from |
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Mendelian genetics continuously variable traits |
How alleles on different chromosomes get randomly mixed in the offspring through crossing over |
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Polygenic traits |
Traits controlled by more than one gene |
Skin color |
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Mitosis vs meiosis |
One body cell produces two identical body cells; sexual reproduction |
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Mutation |
Permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence |
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Point mutation |
Mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence |
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Frame shift mutation |
Genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three |
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Inversion mutation |
Chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end |
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Why most harmful mutations are recessive |
You can have the trait but not show it because the dominant allele is covering it up yet you are still a carrier |
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Mutations that effect evolution |
Ones that lead to greater reproductive success |
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Locus |
Specific location or position of a genes DNA sequence on a chromosome |
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Population |
Free interbreeding takes place and evolutionary change may appear and be preserved |
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Population generics |
Study of genetic variation within populations and involves the examination and modeling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over space and time |
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Gene pool |
Stock of different genes in an interbreeding population |
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Allele frequency |
Relative frequency of an allele at a particular locus in a population |
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Genotype frequency |
Frequency of genotypes in a population |
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Phenotype frequencies |
Number of individuals in a population that have a specific observable trait |
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Expressed |
Info from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product |
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Codominant |
Two alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote that are both fully expressed |
White and red flowers produce pink |
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Independent assortment |
Formation of random combos of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes |
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Linkage |
Genes sit close together on a chromosome making them likely to be inherited together. Genes on separate chromosomes are never linked |
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Evolutionary genetics |
For evolution of a species to occur the gene frequencies of that population must undergo change |
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Protein |
Long chain of amino acid bases |
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Primary structure |
Linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain of a protein held together by covalent bonds made during the process of protein biosynthesis |
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Genetic drift |
Variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce |
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Forces of evolution |
Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection |
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Mutation (force of evolution) |
Mutation directly adds or takes away alleles from the parental gene pool |
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Effects of population size on genetic drift |
The larger the population the easier it is to predict what frequency of certain alleles there will be. In a smaller population offspring can differ from prediction significantly and evolution can occur |
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Founder effect |
Reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors |
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Fixation |
Permanent elimination of variation when an allele frequency falls to zero |
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Why can we lump species |
Because the existence of species seem to be a fact of nature and the similarities are able to be observed |
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Linnaean taxonomic system |
System we use to scientifically name organisms |
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Limeage |
Sequence of species that form a line of decent each new species being the direct result of speciation from and immediate ancestral species |
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Binomial nomenclature |
Species are called by two levels of hierarchy, the genus and species |
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Taxonomic rank |
Species, genus, family, order |
Sam gave Fred olives |
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Derived trait |
Trait that has changed since the time of a given ancestral population |
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Ancestral trait |
Trait that has been retained from the time of a given ancestral population |
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Cladistics |
Study of how organisms are related using phylogenies |
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Last common ancestor |
Last species that existed just before the split |
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Homologous traits |
Similar in two species because they evolved from same feature in a common ancestor |
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Analogous traits |
Similar in two species because they happened to evolve independently in a similar state |
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Convergent evolution |
Process in which similar structures evolve independently from different origins because natural selection favors similar features in both species |
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Outgroup |
Species that is more distantly related than any of the species we are actually concerned with |
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Positive selection |
When natural selection has been favoring an allele making it more common |
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Neoteny |
Retention of juvenile features in the adult animal |
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Balanced polymorphism |
Situation in which two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population of organisms because individuals carrying both versions are better able to survive than those who have two copies of either version alone |
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Balanced polymorphism |
Situation in which two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population of organisms because individuals carrying both versions are better able to survive than those who have two copies of either version alone |
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Haplotype |
Sequence of DNA typically including multiple loci and the non coding DNA around them |
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Lactase persistence |
Ability of adults to digest the lactose in milk |
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Selective sweep |
Pattern of evolution in which a beneficial mutation arises and is rapidly spread through a population by natural selection |
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Single nucleotide polymorphism |
When two alleles are present in a population that differ by just one base |
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Heritability |
Fraction of the variation that can be accounted for by genes |
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Twin studies |
Monozygotic result from zygote splitting to form two embryos; dizygotic result from two zygotes growing into embryos at the same time; compare the similarity of monozygotic twins to dizygotic twins evaluates the degree of genetic and environmental influence on a specific trait |
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Genomewide association studies |
Examination of a genome wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait |
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Boyd and silk concept of race |
1. Most humans fall into limited number of relatively distinct categories or races 2. Are meaningful differences between the races 3. Differences are biological and inborn |
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