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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sex? |
Male versus female; can refer to bodies or organs of reproduction (eggs or sperm) |
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What is gender? |
Refers to "roles" |
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Conditions that favor asexual reproduction? |
- minimal competition for resources - predictable conditions |
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Consequences of asexual reproduction? |
increase in reproductive rate, decrease in species variation |
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Conditions that favor sexual reproduction? |
- significant competition for resources - unpredictable conditions |
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consequences of sexual reproduction? |
decrease in reproductive rate, increase in overall species variation
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What are the three aspects of sex/sexual reproduction that work in mixed combinations? |
- gamete type - body type - behavioral role |
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What is genetic flow? |
AKA gene flow; As populations breed in larger numbers, genes from smaller populations over generations will flow out of that community |
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What is genetic drift? |
A change in frequency of traits in a population -- sex leads to inevitable gene elimination by chance |
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Who came up with the phrase "survival of the fittest" and argued for "use-inheritance?" |
Herbert Spencer |
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What does "Social Darwinism" mean, and who coined the phrase? |
Social Darwinism: Societies compete with one another, some societies more progressed than others
Coined by Herbert Spencer |
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Who was a Neo-Darwinist and argued that only sex cells are passed on ("sequestered germ line")? |
August Weismann |
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What are some characteristics of single male, multifemale groups? |
- Males are extremely aggressive and more wiling to take risks |
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What are some characteristics of multimale, multifemale groups? |
- Less sexual dimorphism
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Give an example of social learning in OWM (and specify which species) |
Macaques: cleaning rice and potatoes in ocean water |
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Give an example of social learning in NWM (and specify which species) |
Capuchins: use tools to beak open nuts and clams |
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Give an example of social learning in apes (and specify which species) |
Chimps: distinctive traditions depending on region -- ex: in Africa, nut cracking |
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What is eusociality? |
A species that cannot live without being in a large social group |
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What is kin selection, or kin altruism? |
Giving reproductive favors to close relatives |
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Why do chimps have bigger testes than gorillas? |
Male-male competition -- it is not physical, but sexual. Bigger testes give a male a higher chance of successfully inseminating a female |
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Why is natural selection considered counterintuitive? |
It inverts typical logic of purpose --> organization. Here, the design precedes the plan: organization --> purpose |
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What is a homologous trait? |
a trait that is similar through a common ancestor
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What is an analogous trait? |
A trait that is similar through environment/circumstance. |
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What are the three dimensions of behavioral causality? |
- Length (history) -- homology - Breadth (conditions) -- analogy - Depth (mechanisms) -- physiology |
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Approximately what percentage of all species that have lived are extinct? |
80% |
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Who argued that persistently successful accommodations can become so habitual that they become physiologically-based and passed on to the bodies and minds of offspring? (inheritance of acquired traits) |
Jean Baptiste de Lamark
(extension of elephant trunk example) |
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Which geologist who influenced Darwin argued that the earth is very, very old? |
Charles Lyell |
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Which economist who influenced Darwin argued that the growing population would lead to warfare, disease, and famine? |
Thomas Malthus |
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Who was Darwin's co-discoverer of evolution? |
Alfred Wallace |
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In what type of selection do most individuals have very similar traits due to selection against variants deviating from these means?
How does the curve change? |
Stabilizing selection
The curve narrows |
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Which type of selection favors an extreme?
How does the curve change? |
Directional selection
The curve shifts to the left or right. |
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Which type of selection favors divergent forms (dimorphism)?
How does the curve change? |
Disruptive selection/sexual selection
The curve is split in two |
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Methods nature uses to "back up data?" |
- accident and decay - reproduction - mutation - competition - reproductive success - adaptation |
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Who argued for "particulate" and "combinational" nature of inheritance? |
Gregor Mendel |
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How does DNA program for a specific protein? |
Essentially: DNA > RNA > mRNA > Protein
( DNA --RNA synthesis--> RNA --RNA splicing--> mRNA --protein synthesis/translation--> Protein ) |
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What is a base-pair change in DNA that causes substitutions of amino acids in proteins producing a change in protein shape? |
A mutation |
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What is the Secretariat Effect? |
Good genes tend to get broken up in each generation |
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What are the three major features of sex? |
- recombination (genes) - anisogamy (sperm and ova) - gender (male and female) |
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What is anisogamy? |
different gamete phenotypes (usually haploid, as ovum and sperm) |
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What is the function of hermaphroditism? |
In conditions where access to mates is reduced, these can be sacrificed to increase the probability of locating a mate. It requires a compromise with respect to gender-distinct bodies where both dispersal-variation and investment-protection can be independently maximized. |
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What are two opposite extremes of reproductive strategy? |
Tournament and pair-bonding |
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Factors influencing reproductive strategy? |
- environment - physiology - amount of care and resources dedicated to raising offspring |
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Why did haploid-diploid reproduction evolve? |
Controlling the sex-ratio of offspring |
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What type of primate is a Tarsier? |
A prosimian |
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What are Tarsier's primary form of locomotion? |
Clinging-leaping |
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What does a Tarsier's diet compose of? How do they get this food? |
Insects, frogs, and reptiles. They are solitary hunters. |
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Tarsier mating type? |
Pair-bonded... Live in small groups |
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(Galagos) Lorises diet? |
Insectivory, gumivory |
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(Galagos) Lorises locomotion? |
clinging-leaping |
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What do lemurs eat? |
includes frugivores, folivores, insectivores |
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Lemur social situation? |
includes solitary and group living species |
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What type of primate is a lemur? |
a prosimian |
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what type of primate is a loris? |
a prosimian |
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What type/s of monkeys are Platyrrhines? |
New World Monkeys |
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What type/s of monkeys are Catarrhines? |
Apes and Old World Monkeys |
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Do prosimians have a fused or un-fused mandible? |
Prosimians have a un-fused mandible |
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Are prosimians nocturnal or diurnal? |
Prosimians are nocturnal |
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Do prosimians have tri-chromatic color vision? |
no |
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Do anthropoids have a fused or un-fused mandible? |
Anthropoids have a fused mandible |
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Are anthropoids nocturnal or diurnal? |
diurnal |
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Do anthropoids have extensive color vision? |
Yes, Anthropoids have extensive color vision |
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What type of locomotion do prosimians use? |
Clinging-leaping |
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How long ago did primates shift to diurnal foraging? |
35 million years |
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The shift to frugivory in primates led to what? |
loss of vitamin C synthesis (anthropoids must acquire vitamin C from the diet) |
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What size body to insectivores have? |
small |
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What size body to folivores and frugivores usually have? |
Large |
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Do old world primates have prehensile tails? |
no |
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How many premolars do New World Monkeys have? |
3 |
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How many molars do old world monkeys have? |
2 |
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Where do platyrrhine (NWM) nostrils face? |
outwards |
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Where do Catarrhine (OWM and apes) nostrils face? |
down |
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What is a callithricid? |
a small new world monkey |
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What type of primate is a Ceboid? |
a NWM |
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What type of primate is a tamarin? |
NWM, Callithricid (small NWM) |
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What type of primate is a Marmoset? |
NWM, Callithricid (small NWM) |
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What type of primate is an owl monkey? |
NWM |
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What type of monkeys are ceboids? |
NWM |
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What type of primate is a squirrel monkey? |
NWM |
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What type of primate is a capuchin? |
NWM |
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What type of primate is a spider monkey? |
NWM |
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What type of primate is a saki monkey? |
NWM |
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What type of primate is a howler monkey? |
NWM |
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What type of primate is a uakari? |
NWM |
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What are ischial callosities? |
butt pad, found in OWM |
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In what type of monkey are bilophodont molars found? |
OWM |
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Where are ape shoulder blades located? |
dorsal (back) |
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What type of primate is a baboon? |
OWM |
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What type of primate is a macaque? |
OWM
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What type of primate is a colobine? |
OWM |
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What type of primate is a mandrill? |
OWM |
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What type of primate is a gibbon? |
Ape |
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What type of primate is a Siamang? |
Ape |
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What type of primate is a orangutan? |
ape |
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T or F: Counting the number of SNPs in their homologous genes can be used to guess how long ago two species shared a common ancestor. |
True
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T or F: Orangutan sexual dimorphism includes fat deposits on the male head and face |
True |
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T or F: Three-color vision in anthropoid primates is the result of gene duplication. |
True |
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T or F: Sexual selection can lead to the evolution of traits that can make their bearer more likely to die early. |
True |
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T or F: Termite mounds and bird nests are examples of extended phenotypes. |
True |
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T or F: Neo Darwinism differed from Darwin’s theory because it included knowledge of genetic inheritance. |
True |
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Why does evolution tend toward increasing complexity? |
there is nowhere else to go |
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T or F: One of the costs of sexual reproduction compared with asexual reproduction is that only 50% of a parent’s genes are passed to each offspring. |
True |
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T or F: Estrus swelling in primates is a sign of pregnancy that reduces male sexual interest as not to disturb gestation. |
False |
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T or F: The evolution of sterile insect castes (e.g. workers) in haplo-diploid species like ants is due to reciprocal altruism. |
False |
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T or F: Galagos are unusual among primates because they have many babies at one time and leave them in nests. |
True |
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T or F: Sickle Cell Anemia is a disease transmitted by mosquitoes. |
False |
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T or F: Alfred Russell Wallace independently discovered the idea of natural selection. |
True |
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T or F: All living humans share a single female ancestor (Mitochondrial Eve) and all living men share a single male ancestor (Y-Chromosome Adam). |
True |
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T or F: Tree shrews are more closely related to primates than are rodents. |
True |
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T or F: The Owl Monkey (Aotus) is the only nocturnal monkey; all others forage in daylight. |
True |
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T or F: High sexual dimorphism in bonobos evolved as a response to the need to defend females against other males. |
False |
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What are Darwin's 3 "ingredients" for natural selection? |
1. grandchildren like grandfather (heritability) 2. tendency to small change especially with physical change (individual variations) 3. Great fertility in proportion to support of parents (over-reproduction of offspring leads to differences in survival and future reproduction of variant individuals) |
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T or F: DNA is made of amino acids. |
False |
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T or F: Darwin’s book on Descent of Man was his major work on sexual selection. |
True |
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T or F: A mutation is a deadly change in a gene. |
False |
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T or F: Apes are the only primates to have 5-pointed molars. |
True |
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T or F: Infanticide is committed by male lions but by females in Jacanas (Lily trotters). |
true |
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T or F: Monkeys are unusual among mammals because they use color to communicate. |
True |
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T or F: Marmosets and Tamarins are often polygynous. |
False |
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T or F: Aphids are small insects that can reproduce both asexually and sexually. |
True |
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T or F: Humans have one less chromosome pair than chimpanzees. |
True |
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T or F: Spider monkeys have unusually long thumbs to assist in brachiation. |
False |
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T or F:Polygyny is more common in species where mothers are able to care for young without help. |
True |
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T or F: A desire for health that prompts one to take up jogging can be considered a “final cause” according to Aristotle. |
True |
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T or F: Gibbon male and female pairs sing together to indicate that they share a territory. |
True |
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T or F: Adult Chimpanzees actively teach and guide offspring in learning tool use behaviors. |
False |
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If a hybrid between a human and a chimpanzee were possible, would the offspring be fertile? |
not likely |
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Are Tarsiers nocturnal predators? |
no |
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Do Tarsiers live in large polygynous groups? |
no |
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Did Darwin include genetic inheritance in his theory of evolution? |
no |
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How are chimp coalitions different from baboon coalitions? |
chimp coalitions involve relatives, baboon coalitions involve non-realtives |
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What is one widely accepted theory for why Chimps have large testes for their body size? |
It is a consequence of sperm competition |
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Is large female estrus swelling found in gorillas? |
no |
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Do lemurs have an enclosed orbit? |
no |
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Do monkeys have an enclosed orbit? |
yes |
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What are the three dimensions of behavioral causality? |
- length (history) - breadth (conditions) - depth (mechanisms) |
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What was Aristotle's theory of causality? |
"Final cause" -- a teleological, goal-directed design |
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What is Newton's Modern theory of causality? |
"efficient cause" -- based on Newtonian mechanics, (forced changed, work) There is no final cause! |
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What are 4 functions of a protein? |
- catalyst - structural elements - recognizing or signaling elements - molecular "chaperones" |
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What is the cause of albinism? |
A defect in the genes that produce melanin |
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What is one way to trace individual differences in ancestry? |
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) |
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Under what circumstances can gene flow overshadow natural selection effects? |
- in species that produce few offspring per individual - small isolated populations |
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What is the founder effect? |
The loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals Can lead to high diversity if this population is isolated (Galapagos finches) |
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how long ago did our lineage diverge from chimps? |
5-7 MYA |
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What evidence indicates that mitochondria inside all animal cells arose from a different clade of organisms than animals? |
There is evidence that mitochondrial DNA came from bacteria because it is in a loop, just like microorganisms’ DNA |
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What are the evolutionary costs to sex? |
- Only 1/2 of one's genomes are passed to each offspring… some genes don’t get passed on - secretariat effect - Time and resources are required to locate a mate, and often also in fighting for mates - The probability of encountering a potential reproductive partner is reduced by 50% - Males use up resources that don't contribute to offspring nourishment and health |
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What is EEA (the environment of evolutionary adaptation?) |
the particular environmental context that was the source of the selection pressures that resulted in the evolution of a particular adaptation. |
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What occurs when an adaptation acquired due to selection in one environment (its EEA) produces functions, structures, or behaviors that are detrimental to reproductive success in the current environment? |
maladaptation |
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What are the causes of maladaptation? |
1. selection conditions change 2. Misunderstood causality 3. elites manipulate 4. costs of exploitation accumulate over time |
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What is the grandmother effect? |
postmenopausal womencan contribute care and resources to their son’s anddaughter’s children, thereby enhancing their inclusive tness |
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What other mammals (besides humans) have difficult births? |
tamarins and marmosets; they give birth to twins |
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Where is the auditory cortex located? |
the temporal lobe |
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What is a supernormal stimulus? |
any stimulus that elicits a response more strongly than the stimulus for which it evolved. |
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What did John Garcia's experimental studies show? |
that paring nausea with taste is easier to learn than paring it with a visual cue |
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What does the term "tonotopic" refer to? |
Different tones that are mapped on the cochlea |
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What is encephalization? |
brain size of species greater than the average or what is expected of the body size |
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Difference between white and grey matter? |
white: fat, myelinated neurons grey: cortex; corpus callosum |
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What were the first hominins to leave Africa? |
Australopithecines |
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When did the first hominins leave Africa? |
1.8 MYA |
