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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe mitochondrial DNA
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inherited from the mother, not subject to recombination
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describe Y dna
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only found in males, inherited from the father,not subject to recombination
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What are anthropometrics?
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measurements of the human body
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What are odontometrics
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measures the size of human teeth
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what are dermatoglyphics
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measurements of finger and palm prints
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What is biological race
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a group of populations sharing certain biological traits that distinguish them form other groups
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How do genetics vary within populations
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variation in the relative number of alleles
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How do genetics vary between populations
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variation in allele frequencies
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Is the majority of human variation within populations or between them?
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roughly 10% of the total variation is between regions, 90% is within regions
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What does a small number for genetic distance mean?
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the populations are similar
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Explain the isolation by distance model
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genetic distance will increase as the geographic distance between them increases, the more flow between populations the more similar they are, the average differences are smooth and gradual over geographic space
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Where do Native Americans originate. what evidence supports this?
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northeast Asia
-N.A. haplogroups are found in northeast Asia -specific mutation in the mtDNA of NA's suggests at least two different sources of migration to the new world |
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By what method did the Polynesians arrive and where did they come from
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came from south coastal china, probably a slow boat model which would support an initial origin out of southeast Asia a with some genetic mixing
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What happens to a person who is homozygous for the sickle cells anemia allele
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they have sickle cell anemia and are very unfit (genetically speaking)
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Why is it advantageous to be heterozygous with one sickle cell allele and one normal?
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the heterozygote has increases resistance to certain types of malaria which allows them to survive but carry the gene
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What is the CCR5 gene and why is it significant
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a mutation that deletes 32 bases on CCR5 is linked to HIV resistance
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Why did dark skin evolve
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to protect against photodestruction of folate
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why did light skin evolve
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to encourage vitamin D synthesis from the sun
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Why can some populations digest lactose whereas others cannot
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those that relied heavily on diary farming adapted to have lactose persistence. others who did not rely on farming did not retain the ability to digest milk after weaning
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What is adaptation
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successful interaction of a population with its environment
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What are the two ways we can adapt
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biologically and culturally
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What is acclimation
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short term change that occurs quickly in response to environmental stress
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what is acclimatization
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physiologic change that takes longer to occur
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what is the difference between acclimation and acclimatization
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acclimation is short term, acclimatization is long term
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give an example of acclimation
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sweating when you're hot
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give an example of acclimatization
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increased RBC production after moving to a high altitude climate
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What is developmental acclimatization
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changes in the organ structure that occur during the physical growth of an organism
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What is Bergmann's rule
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in warmer climates mammals will be smaller and more linear, mammals in cold climates will be large and stocky
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what is allen's rule
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in warm climates appendages will be long and thin. in cold climates they will be short and stocky
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If a child is born in a climate different than there ancestors what population will they grow similar to?
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tend to grow in ways that indigenous children do (they grow to suit their environment- developmental acclimatization)
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How do you calculate the cephalic index and what does it tell us
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length of head/ width tells we find that humans in colder climates have wider skulls
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What is the nasal index and what does it tell us?
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width of nasal opening/ height of nasal opening
cold climate= narrow noeses hot climates= wide noses |
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What are some consequences of poor nutrition during childhood
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growth retardation, illness and possibly death
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What food group was a major part of the hunter- gatherer diet
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animal foods
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What usually happens to the body shape of populations undergoing modernization
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increase in height and weight
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Which occurs faster biological or cultural adaptation
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cultural
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When did humans begin to rely on agriculture
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12,000 years ago in the near east
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Which can first a sedentary lifestyle or agriculture
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sedentary lifestyle
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What is zoonoses
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diseases that are transmitted directly from animals to humans, increase in incident with agriculture
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What is the difference between endemic and epidemic diseases?
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endemic disease spread slowly and constantly epidemics spread rapidly
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what type of diseases do hunter gather populations experiance
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endemic. they don't have epidemics because there aren't enough people to support the rapid spread of disease
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What are some negative consequences of agriculture
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extensive investment in a single crop can lead to nutritional deficiencies and starvation if the crop fails
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What is the epidemiological transition
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the shift from infectious diseases to chronic disease following modernization
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what are emergent diseases
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new diseases that arise as microorganisms evolve
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what are remergent diseases
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infectious diseases that have grown resistant to antibiotics
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what does Fst measure?
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ratio of genetic distance between populations to total genetic variation
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What is a cline
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gradient of genetic variation caused by gene flow across a population's geographic range, most aspects of human variation exhibit non overlapping clinal variation
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What is significant about kennewick man
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he didn't "look" native American, NAs trying to claim burial rights, brings about issues of race and rights
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who were the solutrans?
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possible first Americans, resembles culture in France and Spain during the upper paleolithic, they didn't come through beringia
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Describe Blumenbach's races
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used skull measurements to determine races includes categories such as caucasoid, mongoloid, Malay, ethiopian, American
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What are the forces of micro-evolution
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mutation, natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift
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