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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The primary focus of the discipline of Anthropology is:
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Human culture
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Which two of the major sub-disciplines of Anthropology are the subject matter of this course?
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Archaeology and physical
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who came up with the idea that the world was created in 4004 B.C.?
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Archbishop Ussher
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Anthropologists who study cultures in the past are called:
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Archaeologists
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Anthropologists who study contemporary human cultures are called:
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Ethnographers/ Cultural Anthropologists
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Which one of the following is not a subdiscipline of Anthropology?
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Paleontology
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who nearly beat Charles Darwin publishing on the concept of biological evolution in 1858 was:
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Alfred Wallace
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Darwin’s understanding of human evolution was limited by
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. no recognized human fossil record in the 1850’s
. no knowledge of genetics |
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Darwin waited over 20 years to publish his ideas about biological change because these ideas conflicted with his religious beliefs
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True
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Members of which young scientific disciplines were finally responsible for determining that the world was older than 6000 years?
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Paleontologists and geologists
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The person whose work is largely credited with changing the scientific and public’s view of the world from static to dynamic was:
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Charles Darwin
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People who believed that periodic extinctions were caused by large-scale floods were called:
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Diluvialists or catastrophists
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As noted in lecture, one of the first men to go public (in 1847) with the idea that the world was older than 6,000 years and was ridiculed for his ideas was:
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Boucher de Perthes
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The primary means by which humans adapt to their environment is:
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Culture
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Boucher de Perthes work in geology, paleontology and archaeology taught Falconer and other contemporary researchers the importance of
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context
never excavating 100% of your site |
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earliest professional archaeologists in Europe were (are) called
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Classical archaeologists
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The concept that biological and geological processes that affected the earth in the past still operate today is called:
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Uniformitarianism
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Most 16th and 17th century scholars believed the world was:
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less than 6,000 years old
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Georges Buffon is most associated with which one of the following concepts?
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. Uniformitarianism
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Researchers that study primate populations in the wild are called
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Primatologists
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. Layers of different rock and soil types are called
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Strata
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Why do anthropologists study ape populations in the wild?
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. to develop analogs for early human behavior
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Adaptation is best defined as:
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a strategy for survival
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As noted in lecture, prehistoric archaeology developed out of which two young scientific disciplines?
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Geology and paleontology
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The arrangement of soil and rock layers is called
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Stratigraphy
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In order for a biological trait to be selected through natural selection,
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it must be present in the population already.
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Homology is
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Similarities among species in the structure of a trait due to descent from a common ancestor
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A derived trait
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. is a trait modified from an ancestral condition
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The power grip is a trait of:
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All primates
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The 19th century concept of unilinear evolution has withstood the test of time as a universally accepted way to explain all biological and cultural evolution.
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False
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Persistence hunting is unique to humans because:
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a. Our large brains are capable of future thought
b. We are active during the day c. We can jog for long periods without overheating |
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Human biological classification: What Genus do you belong to?
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Homo
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What is your dental formula
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2123/2123
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What is Chimpanzee’s dental formula ?
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2123/2123
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All humans, modern and extinct, are referred to as:
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. Hominids
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The earliest fossil monkeys are associated with which one of the following geologic epochs?
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Oligocene
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Brachiation is
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b. Rotating the arm in a full circle in the shoulder socket
c. A means of locomotion |
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Large canines in hominoids are for:
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Fighting and sexual competition
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Some causes of reproductive isolation could be:
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a. Physical incompatibility
b. Sterile offspring c. Geographic isolation |
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The first ape fossils are associated with which geologic epoch?
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b. Miocene
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Fossil bones from which area of the body would be the most useful to distinguish early apes from monkeys?
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shoulder area
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The precision grip is unique to the Hominids
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True
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Which Order do you belong to?
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Primates
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Which Suborder do you belong to?
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. Anthropoidea
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Which of the following would be described as an habitual biped ?
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Human
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Which of the following can brachiate?
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a. Gorilla
b. Gibbon c. Human |
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The best term to describe the gait of a chimpanzee and gorilla is
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. Knuckle walker
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What does the term prehensile mean relative to Primates?
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Grasping tail
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What is the single most important physical trait used to distinguish Hominoidea from the Hominidae?
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Locomotion
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Which one of the following physical traits would not distinguish Hominidae from Pongidae
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Dental formula
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3 physical characteristics that would distinguish the following Hominins/ Hominids from each other
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1. longer arms
2. elongated pelvis 3. shorter legs. |
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Date range and geographic location fossil was found:
Australopithecu africanus |
Discovered by Raymond Dart (Taung Baby 1924)
1930- Broom later aided him and found adult 10 fossils 1940- had 20 fossils flat face, human diastma, farmum magnum, small brain cavity, and post orbital constriction. found in Taung Quarry 400 mile north of Johannesburg |
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Date range and geographic location fossil was found:
Australopithecus afarensis |
discovered by graduate student Don Johanson
1970's found lucy in Afar Triangle, Hadar Ethiopia 3.4 million years old. Johanson found 400 fossils in 4 seasons. Brain and dentition decrease in size whil pelvis remain the same. knee joint proved she was a biped |
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Date range and geographic location fossil was found:
Paranthropus robustus |
second type of Hominid found by Broom
5 feet tall 150 lbs 530 cubic cent. brain cavity, up right biped, similar dental but huge molars, no diastma, found in caverns in south africa |
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Date range and geographic location fossil was found:
paranthropus boisei |
Found by louis leaky (1970s) in great rift valley, olduvai gorge.
1.57 million years old by potassium argon (KAr) dating upright biped, massive jaw with huge molars and small canines. |
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Date range and geographic location fossil was found:
Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
Found by Michael Brunet a french palentologist working in Chad. in mid 90s
Found 6 million year old skull. |
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Date range and geographic location fossil was found:
Ardipithecus ramidus |
Found by Tim White (one of johanson's star pupils)
Found in Ethiopia after civil war. 4.5 million years old Made of # of individual highly fragmented bones. Pelvis elongated, legs, knee joints, base of spine fully developed upright biped human dentation. Skull more chimp like very long arms, thumbs at base and long finers with short legs. |
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piltdown man
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Charles Dawson in Piltdown in 1912
techical name Eanthropus discovered it was a fraud in 1953 When sir arthur keith lets them in to see it. |
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osteodontokeratic tool kit
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(broken bones and teeth)
found by Dart in attempt to make Australopithicus africanus a tool user. problem, fossils found in bottom of shafts that could easily be droppings of lepord's meal. |
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Oldowan tools
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named after Olduvai Gorge also called pebble tools, nothing more than water-smoothed cobbles 3 to 4 inches across, modified by knocking off a few chips from one or two faces to makea sharp edge.
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unifacial tool/unifacially flaked
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a tool made from a flake removed from a stone core.
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Site
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A place that contains evidence of a past human presence.
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Artifact
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Any object made by humans.
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Feature
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A nonportable element of a site, composed of artifacts
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Field study
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The process of discovering archeological sites.
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Remote sensing
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noninvasive examination of sites where no soil is removed.
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Electrical resistivity survey
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a noninvasive procedure used in archaeological prospecting in which an electrical current is passed through the ground. Variations in resistance to the current may signal the location of archaeological artifacts or features.
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Proton magnetometry
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A noninvasive technique used in archaeological prospecting in which a proton magnetometer measures the strength of the earth’s magnetic field at the surface. Variations in that magnetic field may signal the location of buried remains, including walls and foundations.
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Ground penetrating radar (GPR)
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A noninvasive technique used in archaeological prospecting in which an electromagnetic pulse is passed through the soil. Variations in the pulse as it reflects off buried objects may signal the location of archaeological remains, for example, walls or foundations.
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Test boring
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a small excavation to establish the presence of an archaeological site, often a narrow column of soil extracted by the use of a hollow metal tube.
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Sounding
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A test excavation. Usually a small pit or column dug to expose stratigraphic layers and to search for archaeological material. A test pit.
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Test pit
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a synonym for sounding.
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Compliance archeology
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archaeological research mandated by government regulations aimed at historic and environmental preservation.
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Random sample
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randomly selected points within a research area tested for the presence of archaeological material with the goal of obtaining a representative sample of sites in a region.
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Representative sample
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A small sample of a large population in which the characteristics of the sample (ages, sizes, activities, functions, etc.) proportionally match those found in the overall population.
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Transect
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A line of systematically located test borings.
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Spatial context
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Where and with what an artifact is found in a site.
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Provenience
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The precise location of an artifact.
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Association
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the spatial relationships of artifacts, one to another.
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Excavation units
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Individually dug sections at an archaeological site.
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In situ
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In place. An artifact or feature that remains in its exact place of discovery is said to be in situ.
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Stratigraphy
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The arrangement of soil and rock in layers
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Parent material
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The source material for a particular soil.
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Law of superposition
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The principle of stratigraphy that, barring disturbances, more recent layers are superimposed over old ones.
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Relative chronological sequence
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a sequence arranged in an older-to-younger relationship without the assignment of specific dates.
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Chronometric dating ( absolute dating)
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A dating technique in which an actual age or range of years can be applied to archaeological objects or sites.
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Radiometric dating
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A chronometric dating technique using the decay rate of a radioactive substance.
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Radioactive isotope
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An unstable form of an element that decays to a stable form by giving off radiation.
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Ecofact
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An element found in an archaeological context that exhibits human activity but was not made by people, and so is not, strictly speaking, an artifact.
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Radiocarbon dating
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A radiometric technique using the decay rate of a radioactive isotope of carbon found in organic remains.
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Half-life
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The amount of time needed for half of a radioactive isotope to decay to a stable one.
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Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
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A technique in radiocarbon dating in which the actual number of 14c atoms (or a proportion of them) is counted.
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Potassium/argon (K/Ar) dating
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A radiometric technique using the decay rate of radioactive potassium, found in volcanic rock, into stable argon.
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Argon-argon (Arg/Arg) dating
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A recent refinement of potassium/argon dating. Measures the decay of one isotope of the gas argon (40Ar) into another (39Ar)
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Uranium series
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A dating technique based on the calibration of the decay of uranium isotopes to their various “daughter” isotopes and elements including thorium and protactinium.
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Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating
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A dating technique based on measuring the buildup of electrons in crystalline materials.
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Dendrochronology
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A dating technique using tree-ring sequences.
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Master sequence
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The general and relatively consistent pattern of tree-ring width variation over time within a given region.
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Calibration curve
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the curve derived for the correlation of tree-ring and radiocarbon dates.
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Cultural technique
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a dating technique using cultural comparisons.
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Seriation
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Establishing a relative chronological sequence using the pattern of replacement or artifact styles.
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Ethnoarchaeology
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Observing living peoples to understand how archaeological records are produced.
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Ethnography
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The intensive study and description of a particular culture.
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Paleoethnography
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reconstructing a past cultural system through archaeological remains.
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Neutron activation analysis: A procedure that reveals the chemical signature of raw material, such as turquoise, obsidian, or clay
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used to associate an artifact with the source from which its raw material originated.
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