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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Identity |
learned personal and social types of affiliation including gender, sexuality, race, class, nationalism and ethinicity |
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Enculturation |
process through which indivuals learn an identity; emcompassing parental socialization, influence of eers, mass media, government or other forces |
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Imagined Community |
Benedict Anderson; even in the absence of face to face interactions, a sense of community is cullturally constructed by forced such as the mass media (nationalism)
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Nature vs nurture |
Francis Galton - longstanding scholarly debate concerning whether or not human behaviours and identityies are the result of nature (biological and genectic factors) or nature (learned and cultural factors) |
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individualistic |
view of the self in which the individuals is primarily responsibile for his or her own actions |
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holistic |
when an individual sense of self cannot be conceived as exisiting separately from society or apart from his or her status or role |
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Revitalization movements |
promise liberation from oppression by foreign powers by conctructing new culture |
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Syncretization |
elements of two or more worldviews are combined to produced a new way of understanding lived experience |
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ritual |
dramatic rendering or social portrayal of meanings shared by a specific body of ppl in a way that make them seem correct and proper - increased group cohesion or provided supernatural sanctions for the violation of group norms
- validate beliefs, enact key metaphors, produce special feelings |
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Captialism |
economic system dominated by a supply and demand market designed to create capital and profit
- key metaphor: world as a market in which everything can be brought and sold |
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Colonialism |
cultural domination of ppl by a larger wealthier power
extraction of material wealth
order was imposed and maintained by forced
Eg. Africa - mine owners attempt to recruit africans from one place to work - subsistance through traditional means - unwilling to work for wages in mines LT -to profit, colonizers had to eliminate self-sufficiency --> had no choice by to work for whatever wages the mines would offer --> taxes & prevented growth of cash economy in traditional homelands |
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typologies |
classification systems based on systemic organization into types on the basis of shared attributes |
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Unilineal Cultural evolutionism
EB Tylor |
stages through which all societies must go in order to reach civilization
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Evolutionary Cultural Change
Lewis Henry Morgan |
1. Savagery - fire, bow and arrow 2. Barbarism - pottery, agriculture, animal dom 3. Civilization - monumental architecture, writing |
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Social Structure |
social relationships that provide a foundation for regularized, patterned, social interaction |
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Structural functional theory |
explores how particular social forms function from day to day in order to reproduce the traditional structure of society
- describe patterns of relations between individuals and groups - explain patterns in terms of function
1. Doctrine of needs - supplying basic wants of individual members of society 2. Structural functionalist - operation and perpetuation of institution in society
homeostatic equilibrium - all parts acted to keep the whole in balance |
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segmentary opposition |
mode of hierarchial social organization - groups beyond the most basic emerge only in opposition to other groups on the same hierarchial level |
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lineages |
descent group - consanguineal (same ancestary) members, blood relatives who believe they can trace their descent from known ancestors |
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Tarot cards |
linking various domains of experience; planets, celestial objects, color, material elements, emotion --> each car din a sense is a living being - used to divine the future --> provide ways for ppl to interpret their lives - symbolic map to interpret and understand themselves as they transfer meaning of the cards to their own lives and experience |
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Hamatsa - Cannibal Dance |
ultimate project of the power of hunger --> desire for human flesh is the manifestation of the forces that can destroy society
- taming the hunger = asserting their moral responsibility to control greed and conflict - come into the world hunger threatening to destroy parents wealth; mothers must feed and socialize them --> moral human beings |
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Zombies - Claude levi Strauss |
mindless, turning loved ones against each other, pandemic --> producing hordes of relentless consumers with never ending appetities
Neoliberal capitalism - zombies and NA consumers relentlessly shopping during holidays - zombie stores are metaphorical explorations of fears and desires in global capitalist economy |
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metaphor |
figure of speech in which linguistic expressions are taken from one area of experience and applied to another - people trying to impose order on their lives by describing the world according to a particular domain of experience
- domain of war and economic exchange of time |
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World View |
encompassing picture of reality based on shared cultural assumptions about how the world works |
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biological reductionism |
human behaviors and identities differences result of biology (false - due to culture)
- biological justification for social inequalities in society |
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Cultural Constructionism |
human behaviour and ideas are best explained as products of culutrally shaped learning |
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Biological Determinism |
biological features such as genes and hormones to explain behavior and ideas |
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Personhood |
indicate who is considered to be either a fully functioning and accepted member of adult society
- children --> on the way to being fully functioning and accepted members of society
Ex - Japan verses North America |
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Egocentric |
view of self that defines each person as a replica of all humanity
-location of motivations and drives - capable of acting independently from others -individualistic self - success through hardwork - ignored the role of culture in shaping the self
Ex - NA |
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Sociocentric |
context dependent on view of self - self exists as an entity only within the situations or roles occupied by the person
- no intrinsic self so cannot possess enduring qualities
japanese |
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identity toolbox |
used to differentiate people or to group them together
- kinship and family membership is central organizing principle |
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Rites of Passage - Arnold Van Gennep |
rituals that accompany changes in status; transitions - boyhood to manhood, student to graduate
1. Separation - seperates person from exisiting identity 2. Transition/Liminality - person enters a transitional phase 3. Reincorporation - changes are incorporated into new identity
- boot camp, fratenity - pulling train |
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Reciprocity - Marcel Mauss |
idea that exchange of gifts creates a feeling of obligation - the gift must be returned
equal value = equal status unequal value = unequal status |
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Kula Ring - Bronislaw Malinowski - Trobriand Island |
system of inter island gift exchange of shell necklaces and armbands - create alliances and social ties among individuals on different island - change in pattern of gift giving reflects a change in the nature of social ties
1. ways to communicate their identity to others 2. achieving status 3. creating larger networks 4. must consistently defend masculinity |
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Gifts vs Commodities |
Gifts - possession, inalienable, carry meaning, history and importance to giver and reciever - carries portion of givers identity - personal relationships
Commodity - captialist exchange market - transfer of value - mass produce - only value it holds is monetary and utility - no relationship between seller or buyer
Appropration: converting commodity into gifts by putting their identity onto possession and choosing what is right for the recipient - |
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Ju/Hoansi |
Bilateral - descent through both parents - sister & brother live at own water hole - spouse and children join --> fluid
Bride Service - groom must work for brides parents for a specified time after marriage |
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Matrilineal |
group of men related through female line; along with their wives and children
Trobriand - incest 1. sexual interaction: siblings 2. male interest is his sister's children - part of his matrilinage 3. dala - matrilineal extended family is more important than the nuclear family --> merge certain ppl into their kin --> classificatory system --> many sisters and brothers |
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Incest taboo |
rule that prohibits sexual relationship between certain kinship groups
- siblings - Trobriand - parent and child - cousin
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Exogamy vs Endogamy |
Ex - marrying someone outside one's group
En - marry someone inside one's own group; lineage, ethnic, religious group |
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Polygamy vs Polygny |
Polygamy - more than one spouse - Women - variety and economic security - Men - passion and emotion
Polygyny - men more than one wife |
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Social Construct |
concept of practice which appears natural but in reality is a invention or cultural artifact of a particular culture of society - result of countless human choices rather than biology |
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Sex vs gender |
Sex - biological; genitals, chromosomes, hormones
Gender - Cultural constructed and learned behaviors and ideas attributed to men and women - roles assigned vary by society |
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Third Gender |
does not fit within the strictly masculine or feminine gender roles in a given society |
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Hijras |
third sex of india - space between male and female
- men who sacrifice their penis to a goddess in return for the power to confer fertility on newlyweds and newborn children -stigmatized and respected |
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Hegemonic Masculinity |
ideals and norms of masculinity in society; privilege over others
athleticism courage rationality heterosexuality |
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phallocentrism |
penis symbol of masculine social power and dominance - use of sex and debasement of women to demonstrate masculinity
Phallocentric behaviors - pulling train cat calling, flirting, competitive sports, female degradation |
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Pulling Train - Gang rape |
coercion of a vulnerable young women who is seeking acceptance
- expression of male sexuality and display of brotherhood power to control and dominate women - when she is took weak or drunk to protest - train of men have sex with her - form of male bonding - publicly legitimize male heterosexuality and makes women an object of scorn and abuse - degradation of female identity through sexual conquest and physical abuse |
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Social Stratification/Social Hierarchy |
ordering and ranking of individuals within a society based on class, caste, race, ethnicity, gender
- kinds of privileges and rights that attach to people at different levels |
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Class
Social Hierarchy |
form of identity informed by perceptions of an individuals economic worth or status |
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How is class stratified in Canada? |
lower, middle, upper class - cultural or family background into ethnic group - physical appearance or skin color into visible minorities - gender, age, education - move from class to class
- indigenous group substantially higher rates of poverty
Commodified consumer driven society - material possession perceived as markers of individuals class background and extension of their access to wealth, power and privilege |
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Ascribed vs Achieved Status |
Ascribed - identity that is percieved as fixed and unchanged; born with it - Canada - race
Achieved - identity in flex and dependent upon actions and achievements of an individual - Canada: hockey success theory = hard work + sacrifice --> move up in class |
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baseball - class background and opportunity
Class --> access to opportunities and set you up for success |
1. batter box - lower or middle class
2. first base - upper class with opportunities advantages; inherit less than 1m and some start up capital
3. 2nd base - med size business, more than 1m, substantial start up captial
4. 3rd base - exceeds 50m and large company
5. home plate - forbes 400 list
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Caste
Social Hierarchy |
identity in India where individuals are assigned at birth to a ranked social and occupational group of their parents
- difference between caste and class; caste are fixed and have no mobility -strict rules forbid intermarriage and other forms of interaction (eating, speaking, working together)
- similar to slaves ; racial |
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Harijans - Caste |
lowest level -untouchable or unclean --> oppressed - occupation believed to be polluting to others - come in contact with animal or human wastes |
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Race |
culturally constructed categorization of people into groups based on physical characteristics - presumed innate biological make up are often wrongly correlated with behavioral attributes (intelligence level, strengths and weakness) |
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Racism |
discrimination and mistreatment of particular racial groups - system of prejudice based on the stratification of physical differences which are incorrectly thought to correlate with behavioral, physical or intellectual differences in certain population
Structural racism - political groups that believed in white supremacy |
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Stratification exists because: |
1. Economically profitable to those who could exploit black slaves or workers socially barred from anything but low paying jobs
2. Advanteous to other working class who did not have to compete for jobs with those who were socially or legally barred to low paying jobs
3. Religion - God's will that some ppl were inferior to others - races like different species of animals - bible says species to be kept apart
4. members of one race were intellectually or morally superior to other races --> reinforced by state and religious authorities |
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White privilege |
white people have access to greater power, authority and privilegse than non-white people
Science - tool for naturalizing the power, authority, and privilege afforded to indviduals with white skin - manipulated science to prove white was top of all races |
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Bacon's Rebellion |
defend the frontier against Indian Attack
- he accused Berkeley of raising unjust taxes, elevating his cronies to positions of high office, exercising a monopoly in the beaver trade and interfering with his campaigns against the Indians |
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Emancipation proclamation |
did not grant true freedom to black citizens
convict leasing - work on the plantation for white people --> many of the inmates were black |
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Drapetomania |
scientific term for the tendency of slaves to run away
cured by whipped |
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Institutional Racism |
Jibaro – Political Economy of PR.
The act of colored people are criminalized ( Opium and China; Europeans were enforcing the opium trades before vs America dealing with their shrinking labor market)
American dream (invested in the possibility of their social mobility verses the reworking on the entire system)
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Criminal system institutionalized racism |
punished the crimes of minorities more heavily than rich white people; poor white ppl antagonized (empowered) against the lower colored people criminality is understood as a racial trait
Racism is dead? – ignores employment, UE, criminal justice system, housing systems and education outcomes Canada – Indians is overrepresented in jails |
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Structural Violence |
actions of remote government or international agencies that result in denial to the poor of basic rights of food, shelter or livelihood
- routine --> structural violence constrains agency
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Structure and Agency |
Structure is the recurrent patterned arrangements which influence or limit the choices and opportunities available
Agency is the capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices |
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Neoliberalism |
minimal government involvement in the economy and greatly accelerated economic growth - liberating individual entrepreneurs to operate in framework of strong property rights, free markets and free trade - new, more aggression stage of capitalism - cuts social welfare spending; quality of life down - Devaluation of workers: deregulation of prices, wages and environmental protections - cultural changes - increasing exposure to ads --> material desires into needs --> greed |
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Globalization |
intensification of worldwide social relations that link distant localities in such as way that local happenings are shaped by events occuring miles away and vice versa |
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Neocolonialism |
persistence of profound social and economic entanglements linking former colonial territories to their former rules respite political sovereignty |
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Article:
The circulation of children in a Brazilian working-class neighborhood: A local practice in a globalized world,” Fonseca |
Child Circulation – a mother can’t take of her own child --> give it to another family - Parties Disagree; mother sees it as a temporary fix, while the family sees it as a permanent relationship - System of multiple of mothers; kinship ties accumulate (mutually obligation/ points of safe places to stay) rather than mutually exclusive or subtractive - Social function in extreme scarcity; minimal state support--> need to rely on each other’s; building on networks on mutually support - Child circulation helps build ties with people you can rely on at different points of time o Create connection between birth mother and mother who raised you
Disadvantage the poor women: - Poor woman would institutionalize children ; getting them back when things got better o State believes they were abandoned; child is adoptable and any relationship is severed and prohibited - Aren’t legally approved for adoption |
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Brazil |
- borrowed from the World Bank --> needed to earn foriegn money - needed to increased exports; food crops dissapeared in order to provide goods that were in demand: soybeans, sugar, cocoa - cut social welfare: public education, housing and health --> decrease in quality of life for the poor - environmental destruction: burning of rain forest for cattle operations - epidemic rose
High infant death - mothers did not cry - Hunger was so prevalent (thrive verses those who won't survive--> neglected) - Structural violence from globalization shaped the agency of these mothers
Women and children were disappropriately affected
Wasteland - sorting out recycleables to be sold for money --> no livelihood |
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Mexico |
1982 declared bankrupct World Bank relief --> pushed them further into neoliberalism -self employed farmers income fell 90% 1990-2000 -today, half live in poverty -Neoliberalism – increased poverty, UE poor women and children bear the grunt of the in equality; squeezing of the poor - girl/women raped every 4 mins - Patriarchal - women are subordinate to men - public assistance for children receiving gov aid was cut 2/3 |
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Mexico - NAFTA - Zapatistas |
Jan 1 1994 – the day that NAFTA came into effect revolt by peasant indigenous farmers – small Mexican farmers can’t compete (no land) |
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Mexico - Tuxtla - Galactic Zone |
Negoliberalism - state shifting of arenas of interest and intervention - creating and maintaining structures, institutions and laws that support the free market -greater control over commericial sex |
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Machismo vs marianismo |
mashismo -sense of being macho or manly, the concept associated with "a strong sense of masculine pride" and denigration of characteristics associated with the feminine
marianismo - feminine virtues like passivity, purity, morality, self-sacrifice in women - Women in wage playing roles (stigmatized - sexual morality in question) |
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Maquiladora |
is a manufacturing operation in a free trade zone , where factories work in the export oriented - NAFTA - whole mexico become a free trade zone and even more women entered into factory work
Women - 60% of factory workforce - docile, dexterous, cheap - stigmatized - sexual morality in question - men think if you work for money, there is a good chance you are a whore |
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Lydia's Open door - kelly
porfiriato - Galactic Zone - |
-period in the history of Mexico where they conducted several economic transformations -economic liberalism - conservative view regarding sexuality, family and alcohol consumption and modernization - regulating prostitutes through health inspections, registration and confinement was considered neccessary to conserve order and protect public health |
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Lydia's Open door - kelly
El Cocal - Galactic Zone - |
tastla's previous red light district where people exchanged sex for money in bars and private houses --> shantytown appearance - ugly, poorly lit and unsafe, no police presense --> private enterprise - got too large and was replaced by the Zone |
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Lydia's Open door - kelly
Location of the Zona Galactic |
available and invisible - four miles from tuxtla's bustling city center, poor lived closer to the Xone - keeping the "dirty pollution" away from the modern city - cleaning up the city |
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Lydia's Open door - kelly
Micros - Microbuses - Lydia's Open door |
public transportation for zone clients, workers and staff - cheaper - lil anonymity for sex workers and clients as the bus makes multiple stops |
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Lydia's Open door - kelly
Piratas |
Vokswagens - unlicensed taxicabs - cost a lil more as tehy head directly to the zone once filled - quicker and more discreet |
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Lydia's Open door - kelly
Hours of Operations |
9-9pm; social order and contained and orderly sexual practices
Symbolic sense of order and safety - respectable business hours Cultural Norms vs Stigma - women prefer to work during the day keeping regular work hours; sense they are within cultural norms despite the stigmatized nature of work
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Lydia's Open door - kelly Dona Esperanza |
not only sex workers who are stigmatized but women who do not keep family ties - single women living apart from family - if they are not doing it for their family but themselves - seen as less marianismo |
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What do raids do? |
1. Discipline women who sell sex 2. Losing the anonymity associated with informal prostitution as they are filmed, held captive at stations and interviewed 3. Reflection of double standard: punish women but not the men who demand services 4. Display of power - humiliating women 5. Highly gendered display of power - pure physical force as they capture and restrain women 6. Institutional power of state and law - allow and encourage legal punishment 7. Cultural beliefs - create and condemn prostitutes |
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Daily life in zone |
1. Flexible work schedules 2. Freedom and control over their work: price, customers, services 3. Flow of customers influences their agency - desperation for money
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La Visita |
card given by zone health inspectors - marks the date workers go for the periodic gynecological inspection
card includes: - name, photograph, address, HIV certificate - degrades women into sexual object used by men --> dictates whether product is defective: if so, they are suspended and prohibited from working in the zone |
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Treatment of Zone workers: Wellbeing and Marginalization |
1. Scapegoats for source of disease and implying that increase control will prevent the spread of disease
2. Gender Inequality: does not require men to be tested even though they are just as likely to spread the disease; "victims"
3. Treatment from SMAV staff - subject to the control and bureaucratic whims of that staff members; disrespected - lack of accountability from zone doctors/lab techs as they arrive late, leave earlier, do not provide information or consult with workers, do not willingly help - do the bear minimum
4. Labelled deviant lower rank - criminals and lesbians |
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Women do not engage in sexual activism because: |
1. There to earn money - unwilling to spend costly time in organizing activities 2. Pimps - less likely to collective action --> punishment 3. Precarious immigration status 4. Intense competition: Rivalries, gossip, jealously --> avoid conflict 5. stigmatizing nature of job - unlikely to publicly identify themselves; to take labor disputes beyond the walls of zone |
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Controlling prostitution: What does it actually do? |
Reinforces deeply held beliefs about gender and sexuality: sex for men is not a luxury but a need
1. Rape - expression of power and gender inequality - deliberate, hostile and violent act of degradation and possession 2. Prosititution = social service - showcased how entrenched gender inequalities are - rape prevention as men fullfilling their sex desires is natural 3. Highly publicized raids - display of state power; prosititution did not become more regulated; just moved to the shadows 4. Mothers Day |
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Lydia's Open Door - Kelly Mother's Day |
fiesta local government held for sex workers to demonstrate government power to control prostitution and promote the public good - drew attention to zone women are controllable population - cleaned up, groomed and taught solid family values --> rehabilitation center
- training ground for transforming deviant sexualized creates into good mothers - zone = cage to keep bad women
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Lydia's Open Door - Kelly Why did some workers lie about having children? |
avoid greater stigma
Structure induced cultural resistance can contribute to marginalization - sex workers reinforce patriarchal beliefs about good or bad women - Gov speech emphasis women to care for children: self sacrifice |
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Lydia's Open Door - Kelly Ejidatarios |
communal landholders - warned city if they did not return the land (Zone) they would arrive well armed and evict the ppl there |
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Lydia's Open Door - Kelly Sex work: Us vs Mexico |
US - rebellion against confining American middle class cultural values and sexual norms
Mexico - poor, nonwhite uneducated - highly stigmatized form of employment viewed as last option; undesirable choice - structure and agency forced
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Reasons for lack of political mobilization
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1. Features of Neoliberal Era - UE, underemployment - incrasing fragmentation of labour market (vs. collective factory) - growth in informal economy - deminished powers of unions - more individualistic and less collectivism
2. Cost benefit Calculation- owe money to the World Bank 3. Pimps - punishment 4. Undocumented workers could lose precarious immigration status 5. Intense competition - Rivalries, gossip 6. Stigmatizing nature of the job |
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Ejido |
dispute between labourers and oil companies - - communally held lands that can't be sold, brought or traded |
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Entry into prostituion: |
1. Neoliberalism - decrease men's ability to provide; women must engage in providing 2. Rarely have financial support for male 3. Unhappy and abusive relationship 4. Economic burden of children 5. Little education, skills 6. Knows someone in the sex trade |
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Extranjera (forigner) shapes experience: |
1. precautions to avoid deportation 2. vunerable to abuse 3. influence work patterns, habits and consumption eK4. issue in the economic and quasi-moral competition in which zone workers find themselves in 5. paid less and live in miserable conditions |
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kelly described prostituion in the zone as "easy" life? |
1. women tell themselves as a coping mechanism 2. other ppl outside of sex worker - putting down workers 3. Emotional toll - self-worth 4. Negoitation with clients 5. vunerable states - verbal and physical abuse |
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casa chica |
married man provides a home and financial assistance to his mistress |
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mujeriego |
womanizer - man who has sexual relationship with more than one woman (not sex worker) |
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Cultural Production Theory |
contradictory and complicated forms of resistance often led to personal self-destruction and community trauma - powerless resistance - foot dragging, disgruntlement, petty theft - contradicts requirement of proactive and flexible NY finance driven sector - 2nd or 3rd generation born into working class do not tolerate high levels of exploitation or degradable jobs |
