Anthro Exam 2

Front 1

MORPHEMES

Back 1

the smallest linguistic forms (usually words) that convey meaning.

Front 2

SYNTAX

Back 2

the linguistic rules, found in all languages, that determine how phrases and sentences are constructed.

Front 3

DIALECTS

Back 3

regional or class variations of language that are sufficiently similar to be mutually intelligible.

Front 4

DIGLOSSIA

Back 4

the situation in which two forms of the same language are spoken by people in the same language community at different times and place.

Front 5

DISPLACEMENT

Back 5

the ability to talk about things that are remote in time and space.

Front 6

PHONEMES

Back 6

the smallest units of sound in a language that distinguish meaning.

Front 7

MORIBUND LANGUAGE

Back 7

language spoken by elders but not taught to the young.

Front 8

GRAMMAR

Back 8

the systematic rules by which sounds are combined in a language to enable users to send and receive meaningful utterances.

Front 9

The number of discrete languages used today according to our text book

Back 9

6300

Front 10

What is a free morpheme

Back 10

A morpheme that can convey meaning while standing alone without being attached to other morphemes.

Front 11

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis arguement

Back 11

the notion that a person's language shapes her or his perceptions and view of the world.

Front 12

What is included in nonverbal communication?

Back 12

Gestures, facial expressions, Posture, Touching

Front 13

What do sociolinguists focus on?

Back 13

concentrate on variations in language use depending on the social situation or context in which the speaker is operating. Code switching

Front 14

In what way is Japanese linguist style different from American linguistic style?

Back 14

Silence is not a bad thing in Japanese culture.

Front 15

CARRYING CAPACITY

Back 15

the maximum number of people a given society can support, given the available resource.

Front 16

SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE

Back 16

slash and burn.

Front 17

TRANSHUMANCE

Back 17

movement pattern of pastoralists in which some of the men move livestock seasonally.

Front 18

HORTICULTURE

Back 18

small-scale crop cultivation characterized by the use of simple technology and the absence of irrigation.

Front 19

Does the environment have any effect on food strategy?

Back 19

Sets limits on the form that food-getting patterns may take.

Front 20

Define Carrying capacity

Back 20

the maximum number of people a given society can support, given the available resource.

Front 21

Understand the Optimal Foraging Theory

Back 21

a theory that foragers choose those species of plants and animals that maximize their caloric intake for the time spent hunting and gathering.

Front 22

What did the Inuit depend on, where did they live, what was their diet?

Back 22

Canada, Foragers, They ate Potatoes carrots peas.

Front 23

What body type do Inuit people tend to have?

Back 23

longer limbs

Front 24

Where did plant and animal production first begin?

Back 24

Egypt?

Front 25

Why did specialization increase?

Back 25

where individuals become experts in producing certain goods or services that are then exchanged

Front 26

intensive agriculture

Back 26

use of irrigation, draft animals, terracing, natural fertilizers, selective breeding, mechanization, etc., to grow more food.

Front 27

What type of crops do people grow who practice swidden agriculture

Back 27

rice, fruit, vegetables.

Front 28

Do pastoralists ever use cultivation?

Back 28

occurs in uncultivated areas. no

Front 29

Intensive agriculture, characteristics

Back 29

use of irrigation, draft animals, terracing, natural fertilizers, selective breeding, mechanization, etc., to grow more food.

Front 30

Peasants; their status; relationship to cities

Back 30

Rural people, usually on the lowest rung of society's ladder, who provide urban inhabitants with farm products but have little access to wealth or political power.

Front 31

RECIPROCITY

Back 31

a model of distribution characterized by the exchange of goods and services of approximately equal value between parties.

Front 32

REDISTRIBUTION

Back 32

a form of economic exchange in which goods and services are given by members of a group to a central authority (such as a chief) and then distributed back to the donors, usually in the form of a feast

Front 33

POTLATCH

Back 33

a form of competitive giveaway found among Native Americans from the Northwest Coast that serves as a mechanism for both achieving social status and distributing goods.

Front 34

What do economic anthropologists study and in what societies?

Back 34

a branch of the discipline of anthropology that looks at systems of production, distribution, and consumption, wherever they may be found, but most often in the non-industrialized world.

Front 35

Is formal economic theory based on western ideas of economics in industrialized societies?

Back 35

Those economic anthropologists who suggest that the ideas of Western, industrialized economies can be applied to any economic situation.

Front 36

In which type of societies do we find the concept of land ownership?

Back 36

Intensive Agriculture.

Front 37

The POTLATCH served what purpose?

Back 37

serves as a mechanism for both achieving social status and distributing goods.

Front 38

Define PRODUCTION

Back 38

a process whereby goods are obtained from the natural environment and altered to become consumable goods for society.

Front 39

Understand mechanical solidarity

Back 39

a type of social integration based on mutuality of interests-found in societies with little division of labor.

Front 40

INCEST TABOO

Back 40

the prohibition of sexual intimacy between people defined as close relatives.

Front 41

BRIDEWEALTH

Back 41

the transfer of goods from the groom’s lineage to the bride’s lineage to legitimize marriage.

Front 42

RESIDENCE PATTERNS:

Back 42

PATRILOCAL, MATRILOCAL AVUNCULOCAL, NEOLOCAL BILOCAL PARTIBLE PATERNITY

Front 43

PATRILOCAL

Back 43

69% of societies A residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the husband’s father.

Front 44

MATRILOCAL

Back 44

13% of societies. A residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the wife.

Front 45

NEOLOCAL

Back 45

5% of societies. A residence pattern in which the married couple has its own place of residence apart from the relatives of either spouse

Front 46

AMBILOCAL

Back 46

9% of societies. A residence pattern in which the married couple may choose to live with either the relatives of the wife or the relatives of the husband.

Front 47

PARTIBLE PATERNITY

Back 47

is where a child is understood to have more than one biological father

Front 48

Types of marriage

Back 48

POLYGYNY POLYANDRY MONOGAMY LEVIRATE SORORATE

Front 49

POLYGYNY

Back 49

the marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time.

Front 50

POLYANDRY

Back 50

the marriage of a woman to two or more men at the sametime

Front 51

MONOGAMY

Back 51

the marital practice of having only one spouse at a time.

Front 52

LEVIRATE

Back 52

the practice of a man marrying the widow of his deceased brother.

Front 53

SORORATE

Back 53

the practice of a woman marrying the husband of her deceased sister.

Front 54

Members of a nuclear family

Back 54

The most basic family unit, composed of wife, husband, and children.

Front 55

What type of society do we find nuclear families?

Back 55

highly industrialized societies.

Front 56

The type of relationship males and females had in the Nayar of southern India; living arrangements, economic arrangements.

Back 56

Has several “husbands” or lovers. One man takes responsibility for child but after its birth he has no economic responsibility.

Front 57

Know the different theories for the INCEST TABOO

Back 57

Natural Aversion, Inbreeding, Family Disruption, Theory of expanding Social Alliances.

Front 58

levirate marriage

Back 58

the practice of a man marrying the widow of his deceased brother

Front 59

which form of marriage is most PREFERRED cross-culturally?

Back 59

Polygyny

Front 60

FICTIVE KIN

Back 60

relationships among individuals who recognize kinship obligations although the relationships are not based on either consanguineous or affinal ties.

Front 61

EGO

Back 61

the person in kinship diagrams from whose point of view the relationships are traced.

Front 62

KINDRED

Back 62

all of the relatives a person recognizes in a bilateral kinship system.

Front 63

MOIETY

Back 63

complementary descent groups that result from the division of a society into halves.

Front 64

CLAN

Back 64

Unilineal descent groups, usually comprising ten or more generations,. consisting of members who claim a common ancestry even though they cannot trace step by step their exact connection to a common ancestor.

Front 65

LINEAGE

Back 65

Unilineal descent group whose members can trace their line of descent to a common ancestor.

Front 66

Who is EGO?

Back 66

he person in kinship diagrams from whose point of view the relationships are traced.

Front 67

Which relative takes the “father” role in a matrilineage?

Back 67

Mother’s Brother.

Front 68

Cross cousins

Back 68

Children of one’s mother’s brother or father’s sister.

Front 69

parallel cousins

Back 69

Children of one’s mother’s sister or father’s brother.

Front 70

The most complex of the classification systems

Back 70

Sudanese

Front 71

The simplest of the classifications systems

Back 71

Hawaiian

Front 72

The classification system practiced in the United States

Back 72

Eskimo

Front 73

PARTIBLE PATERNITY

Back 73

is where a child is understood to have more than one biological father

Front 74

what do the Bari of Venezuela believe is true about paternity?

Back 74

That a child can have more than one biological father.

Front 75

Understand Unilineal descent systems

Back 75

tracing descent through a single line as compared to both sides.

Front 76

Patrilineage

Back 76

A form of descent whereby people trace their primary kin connections through their fathers

Front 77

Matrilineage

Back 77

A form of descent whereby people trace their primary kin connections through their Mothers.

Front 78

Types of marriages

Back 78

Monogamy, Polygyny, Polyandry.

Front 79

Hawaiian

Back 79

There is a parental generation and a generation of children. In this system, a person (called Ego in anthropology) refers to all females of his parent's generation as "Mother" and all of the males as "Father". In the generation of children, all brothers and male cousins are referred to as "Brother", all sisters and female cousins as "Sister".

Front 80

Eskimo

Back 80

The kinship system most commonly found in the United States; it is associated with bilateral descent. Usually a mother, father, and their children live together.

Front 81

Iroquois

Back 81

A system associated with unilineal descent in which the father and father’s brother are called by the same term, as are the mother and the mother’s sister.

Front 82

a bound morpheme

Back 82

a morpheme that can convey meaning only when combined with another morpheme.

Front 83

horticulture agriculture

Back 83

Small-scale crop cultivation characterized by the use of simple technology and the absence of irrigation.

Front 84

organic solidarity.

Back 84

a type of social integration based on mutual interdependence- found in societies with a relatively elaborate division of labor.

Front 85

AVUNCULOCAL

Back 85

4% of societies. A residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the husband’s mother’s brother.

Front 86

sororate marriage

Back 86

The practice of a woman marrying the husband of her deceased sister.