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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is Anthropology different from any other discipline?
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It’s more holistic, biocultural, bigger, more inclusive. More information about people than any other discipline.
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Who founded American Anthropology?
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Franz Boas, Columbia University. He was a German Jew. Faced tremendous anti-Semitism, racism. He wanted to make Anthropology without judgment on people. He was a cultural relativist. He did his field work on the Northwest Coast – Vancouver Island. (Participant observation). Was basically adopted into a native American family.
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"the enlightenment"
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People were finally able to think freely & openly. Around 1400, it became possible for people to think freely.
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Theocratic Government
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Thou shall not think independently. Especially in Europe. Religious & Theocratic authorities controlled what you could write, read…
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What were some effects of the introduction of the printing press?
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The printing press made it possible for everyone in Europe to become literate & examine publications. Theocratic authorities could no longer control writing & reading.
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effects of cartography?
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people were making maps of their own areas & places they were travelling. People acquired a much more global perspective. Navigation instruments made this possible.
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Who was Cristobal Cologne?
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Christopher Columbus – discovered the “new world” after being given information about where to go by Jewish communities – funded him & gave him maps. Expected to find people who spoke Hebrew.
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Renaissance
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time of freedom, openness, exchange of ideas. Around 1400.
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Count de Buffon
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(French Count) – brilliant physician, chemist, cartographer…produced a 36 volume Natural History. He ran counter to the Theocratic way of thought. He published his ideas that nature was changed (a dynamic system), so he was arrested by the Theocratic government. He was forced to publicly recant what he had said.
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James Hutton
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founder of modern geology (the science of the formation of the earth). He felt that contemporary thinking that the Earth was only a couple thousand years old was ridiculous. In looking at the processes of the Earth, he saw “Deep” time – that the Earth was ancient. Continuous line of heritage that we have in terms of the shaping of our planet – what has been will always be (Uniformitarianism).
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Charles Lyell
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a kind of protégé of Hutton. He looked at specific areas of geology, and determined how it is that things happen, natural monuments, etc. Published this in Principles of Geology. Rhonda Gorge, he explained how this happened.
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck
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He said that animals could acquire characteristics that were different from those of their parents, and they could pass these on to their offspring. For example, a giraffe could elongate its neck to reach food, once its neck was elongated, he could pass this trait on to his offspring. FALSE, not accurate. Individuals don’t evolve – populations do. “Armchair theorist”.
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Georges Cuvier
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Essentially said that the creator of all had created beings and then changed his mind, and created catastrophes to reverse the creation of beings. Catastrophysm.
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Carl Linnaeus
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Classifier, the man who grouped living organisms into a binomial system. We still use Linaean classification systems. Homo sapiens. Homo is the genus, sapiens is the species. First letter in genus is always capitalized; the first letter in sapiens is never capitalized. Both must always either be italicized or underlined. He believed in fixative of species. That God created things and that’s it. Terrified that theocracy would get him. His system was based on morphology (the shape of things).
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Erasmus Darwin
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Physician, poet. “Would it be too bold to imagine that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament?” Published his thoughts in poems to avoid theocracy.
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species are...
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reproductively isolated groups
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Alfred Wallace
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Sends Darwin a letter along with an article he is considering publishing. Same conclusions as Darwin had come to.
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1.) Variation
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It exists in every species; morphology
Darwin never explained variation; he just observed it. No capacity to know why no two individuals are alike. |
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2.) Struggle for existence
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Members of each species compete for food and mates.
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Natural Selection
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Some individuals will experience survival of the fittest and will have Net Reproductive Success.
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Evolution
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Selected groups (populations) of individuals will adaptively radiate away from the original population.
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Environmental Determinism
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The environment forces adaptation.
Evolution is the result of adaptive radiation of populations. |
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Heredity
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the passing of biological information from generation to generation.
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Gregor Mendel
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Liked to experiment – used plants (sweet peas) to try to figure out the causal factors of heredity. Used pure strains of plants that would be predictable through generations.
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Phenotypes
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The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment. (The dominant characteristics)
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Particulate theory
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Particles of heredity are in pairs! Each trait is caused by two things – genotype. The pairs separate and recombine in sexual reproduction.
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Genotype
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Within the genotype, there are dominant (red flowers and smooth round seeds) and recessive traits (blue flowers and wrinkly seeds).
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RR
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homozygous dominant
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Rr
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Heterozygous (the most healthy)
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rr
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Homozygous recessive (you must have this in order to produce heterozygous)
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